海陆空间信息一体化集成技术研究

将国际标准与国内电子海图技术实践相结合,通过对各类数据源集成研究,建立了多元空间数据通用调显引擎,实现了CDC海图数据、地形图数据、S-57标准数据、遥感影像数据、DNC数据、MapInfo数据等陆海空统一的数字图源调用与显示,为融合各类数据源提供了一个基础技术平台。     

雷州半岛灯楼角热带海岸的景观生态分类

海岸景观由于其边缘效应而具有较高的生产力和生物多样性水平,尤其是本区的热带海岸景观,由于发育有我国大陆唯一的珊瑚礁而显独特。本文根据景观生态学的分类方法,将灯楼角热带海岸景观生态划分为3大类（自然景观、经营景观和人工景观）24亚类,并揭示了本区的景观生态系统的等级和景观的演变与时空分布;由陆向海方向上依次出现陆地景观、海岸景观和沿岸浅海景观,而区域自然景观的出现时间序列上,则是陆地景观、沿岸线海景观和海岸景观。     

Seafloor topography and landform characteristics of Zengmu Shoal waters and their evolvement

The topography data of the Zengmu Shoal and its adjacent area are acquired by the SeaBat-8111 multibeam system.The full survey covering over the Zengmu Shoal area gives us new knowledge about the area. It is a flat underwater platform consisting ofcoral reefs, its fathom line is like a trap in near SN direction and its shape is like an isosceles triangle with the acute angle pointing to the north. The east and west sides ofthe shoal are steep while its south side is more gentle. As viewed from geological evolution, the Zengmu Shoal is a typical biologic coral landform caused by tectonic uplift.     

Development and application of a spatially‐distributed Arctic hydrological and thermal process model (ARHYTHM)

A process‐based, spatially distributed hydrological model was developed to quantitatively simulate the energy and mass transfer processes and their interactions within arctic regions (arctic hydrological and thermal model, ARHYTHM). The model first determines the flow direction in each element, the channel drainage network and the drainage area based upon the digital elevation data. Then it simulates various physical processes: including snow ablation, subsurface flow, overland flow and channel flow routing, soil thawing and evapotranspiration. The kinematic wave method is used for conducting overland flow and channel flow routing. The subsurface flow is simulated using the Darcian approach. The energy balance scheme was the primary approach used in energy‐related process simulations (snowmelt and evapotranspiration), although there are options to model snowmelt by the degree‐day method and evapotranspiration by the Priestley–Taylor equation. This hydrological model simulates the dynamic interactions of each of these processes and can predict spatially distributed snowmelt, soil moisture and evapotranspiration over a watershed at each time step as well as discharge in any specified channel(s). The model was applied to Imnavait watershed (about 2·2 km²) and the Upper Kuparuk River basin (about 146 km²) in northern Alaska. Simulated results of spatially distributed soil moisture content, discharge at gauging stations, snowpack ablations curves and other results yield reasonable agreement, both spatially and temporally, with available data sets such as SAR imagery‐generated soil moisture data and field measurements of snowpack ablation, and discharge data at selected points. The initial timing of simulated discharge does not compare well with the measured data during snowmelt periods mainly because the effect of snow damming on runoff was not considered in the model. Results from the application of this model demonstrate that spatially distributed models have the potential for improving our understanding of hydrology for certain settings. Finally, a critical component that led to the performance of this modelling is the coupling of the mass and energy processes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于分形理论的航空图像分类方法

提出一种基于分形理论和BP神经网络的航空遥感图像有监督分类方法。该方法尝试将航空图像的光谱信息和纹理特征相结合。它首先将彩色航空图像由RGB格式转化为HSI格式，然后，根据亮度计算分数维、多重分形广义维数谱q-D(q)和“空隙”等基于分形的纹理特征，同时加入归一化的色度和饱和度作为光谱特征，采用BP神经网络作为分类器。通过对彩色航空图像的分类实验，结果证实该方法行之有效。     

南极GRV 98003和其它3个铁陨石的化学组成及分类

用仪器中子活化测定了从南极回收的GRV98003铁陨石和乌珠穆沁铁陨石Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Ge,As,Sb,W,Re,Ir,Pt及Au的浓度。根据化学组成,重新对这两个未分群的铁陨石进行了分类工作,其中将GRV98003铁陨石划分为IAB群,乌珠穆沁铁陨石划分为与IAB群相关的单独铁陨石。GRV98003铁陨石的元素丰度模式、元素对相关性(如NiAu,CoAu,AsAu,WAu,CuAu,SbAu)等与NWA468铁陨石(IAB)相似,但前者具有明显的难熔亲铁元素(Re,Ir)和中等挥发性元素(Ga,Ge)的贫化。此外,本文还对南丹铁陨石(IIICD)和邕宁铁陨石(IA)的化学群重新进行了讨论,提出将前者划分为IAB复合群的主群,而将后者划分为与IAB复合群相关的单独铁陨石的新观点。     

场地类别分类方案研究

基于性能的抗震设计,要求工程师设计出具有预期抗震性能的结构,一个关键因素是地震作用的确定,这在很大程度上取决于局部场地条件。通过收集和分析北京、苏州和唐山城区956个钻孔资料,建立地表20 m和30 m深土层走时平均剪切波速VS20和VS30的关系式;现场钻探获取北京城区深105 m的典型钻孔原状土样,试验给出各类土体动剪切模量和阻尼比曲线;建立北京城区170个钻孔的场地反应计算模型,采用Nakamura提出的HVSR法和陈国兴等提出的弱震法估算场地基本周期TS值,结合国内外现行抗震规范的场地分类及一些学者对场地分类的研究成果,提出两种新的场地分类建议方案：基于等效剪切波速VSE和覆盖土层厚度H（地表至剪切波速VS ≥ 500 m/s的基岩深度）的双指标场地分类方案及基于VSE、H和TS的三指标场地分类方案。提出的场地分类方案对我国现行抗震规范场地分类方法的改进有参考价值。     

基于金矿规格单元数据的机器学习方法在成矿建模分析中的应用

现代金矿勘察主要是通过综合地球化学和地质测量等数字化方法对深部矿床进行研究,所需要的人力物力成本较高。而通过分析积累的金矿规格单元数据,可以建立金矿成矿情况与相关成矿元素含量之间的非线性关系,从已有的勘查数据中寻找金矿成矿的一般规律。本文基于与金矿相关的成矿元素含量数据,分别采用逻辑斯蒂回归、随机森林和决策树方法对原始数据和重采样数据进行训练,综合运用召回率、精确率和准确率对模型进行评价。通过对比发现,在训练和测试原始数据过程中,由于每组之间数据量的巨大差距,导致成矿数据被淹没;而在训练重采样数据过程中,随机森林在召回率和准确率方面均有较好的表现,分别达到了90.63%和70.78%;并最终分析了随机森林模型中不同分类边界对于金矿成矿情况预测结果的影响。利用不同的测量指标对模型进行评价分析,使模型更适用于金矿成矿预测,可有效地提高金矿勘察的效率。     

高速铁路无砟轨道地基泥岩膨胀性分类分级研究

红层泥岩是一种典型侏罗系沉积岩,其含有微量黏土矿物,易遇水软化、失水崩解,具有一定膨胀性,是引起兰新高速铁路路基持续上拱变形的一个重要因素,故重新判定该种土体膨胀性对高速铁路无砟轨道设计和施工具有重要意义。为此,选取等效蒙脱石含量、阳离子交换量、自由膨胀率和液限为泥岩膨胀性判别指标,通过兰新高速铁路上拱地段大量钻孔实测资料,提出了泥岩膨胀等级分级标准,采用改进层次分析法、基尼系数法和直觉模糊理论确定了判别指标组合权重,基于逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS法)建立了泥岩膨胀性直觉模糊综合评价模型。结果表明：直觉模糊综合评价模型将泥岩膨胀性进行了定量化,克服了同一试样不同指标属于不同等级判别缺陷;室内膨胀量试验验证了膨胀等级分级标准和直觉模糊综合评价模型对兰新高铁地基泥岩适用性和准确性。研究成果对地基红层泥岩高速铁路路基长期持续上拱变形风险评估和工程控制措施提供技术支撑。     

村镇规划国土GIS数据的组织方法研究

村镇规划国土GIS数据是村镇规划国土信息系统的数据基础,因为其涉及规划、国土、建设等多个行业,数据来源多样、结构复杂,因此不能简单地照搬城市领域的相关建设经验,而需对其数据组织方法进行深入的研究。本文首先分析了村镇规划国土GIS数据的特点,然后从数据分类编码、数据集成、异构数据融合和数据的专题化管理等几个方面对其进行了探讨研究。其对我国新农村建设中村镇信息的规范化组织有一定的借鉴作用。