中国主要城市地价重心迁移及驱动因素研究

城市地价直接影响着城市的房地产市场和城市土地开发利用,从而影响城市的经济社会发展,及时掌握城市地价的发展规律,根据城市地价及时调整制定相关政策,是政府对土地市场进行调控的关键。利用重心模型,在测算和分析2000-2012年49个主要城市的综合地价重心位置及其变化规律的基础上,探讨了驱动中国城市地价重心迁移的因素。结果显示,中国主要城市地价重心始终位于区域几何中心的东南方向,但东西方向上的差异逐渐缩小,南北方向上的差异则逐渐扩大,地价重心迁移轨迹可以分为3个阶段和1个突变年。城市规模、经济发展水平、基础设施和城市区位等因素驱动着城市地价重心的迁移。     

中国土地荒漠化分类系统探讨

通过对前人研究土地荒漠化类型划分成果的学习消化并结合自己多年对土地荒漠化研究,提出我国土地荒漠化类型划分的原则和分类系统,以主导营力和表现形式为划分指标,不但将全国划分为流水作用、风力作用、化学作用和人为直接作用等4个类型,而且从不同类型中再细分出侵蚀劣地,侵蚀裸岩、裸土,堆积沙砾地,土壤劣化;风蚀劣地,风积半流动沙丘,风蚀裸地,土壤粗化、贫化;次生盐渍化、酸化、碱化地,三废污染,农药、化肥污染;废弃土、石、渣堆积,人工挖掘劣地等13个亚类,并对其分布、特征及形成等作了简要论述。     

中尺度流域土地利用/土地覆盖变化评估--以伊洛河中部地区为例

将规范分析与实证分析相结合，提出了一个评估区域各点位土地利用／土地覆盖变化的新方法：（1）采用相对原则观察一时段内的变化方向；（2）物理模型与统计模型相结合，基于区域实际情况建立生境适宜性参照基准；（3）用多变量分析方法量度各点位与参照基准的差异。结合GIS和遥感技术，这种方法被应用于伊洛河中部地区的研究中。     

环境约束下中国城市土地利用效率演变特征分析

在经济高质量发展和区域协调发展的背景下,考虑非期望性产出(环境污染),本文利用SBM-undesirable模型测算了中国275个地级市2003–2016年的城市土地利用效率,并通过核密度估计、空间自相关分析探索了城市土地利用效率的时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)2003–2016年间,中国城市土地利用效率整体呈波动上升趋势,但仍处于较低水平,城市土地利用效率均值呈现东、西、中逐渐降低的分布格局;(2)在全国和东中西三大区域,区域差异均不断增大,全国尺度上和东部地区效率值出现了极化趋势;(3)城市土地利用效率呈现较弱的空间正相关,但空间集聚程度不断增强。高-高集聚型区域多分布在东南沿海地区,且不断向中部地区延伸;高-低极化型区域多为中西部地区的省会城市,低-高凹陷型区域零星分布于高值聚集区周边,部分在研究期内转为高值聚集区域;低-低均质型区域主要分布在中西部及东北地区。研究结果认为应加强对城市存量土地的内涵挖潜,强化区域合作机制,因地制宜制定提升土地利用效率的政策是促进城市土地集约节约利用和区域协调发展的有效路径。     

澜沧江典型对比流域水力侵蚀快速调查与评价

根据水力侵蚀面蚀和沟蚀两种不同侵蚀形态发生过程尺度空间大小不一的侵蚀特点,确定了研究区面蚀和沟蚀的不同调查评价方法.面蚀的发生过程空间尺度小,选用小区调查方法进行,而沟蚀的发生过程尺度空间大,在典型调查小流域尺度进行全面调查.然后在两种尺度下,分析形成沟蚀和面蚀的影响因素,进行沟蚀程度和面蚀强度分级,并把研究成果展延到澜沧江凤庆河流域和晓街河流域.最后,以在典型调查小流域的研究结果为对照判别依据,判断风庆河和晓街河流域的土壤侵蚀状况.结果显示,澜沧江典型流域的面蚀强度差异不大,沟蚀是造成不同流域土壤侵蚀和沟道输沙差异的主要水力侵蚀形式.     

Reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns and its spatiotemporal changes over the 20th century on the Songnen Plain,Northeast China

We initially estimated the cropland area at county level using local historical documents for the Songnen Plain (SNP) in the 1910s and 1930s. We then allocated this cropland area to grid cells with a size of 1 km × 1 km, using a range of cultivation possibilities from high to low; this was based on topography and minimum distances to rivers, settlements, and traffic lines. Cropland areas for the 1950s were obtained from the Land Use Map of Northeast China, and map vectorization was performed with ArcGIS technology. Cropland areas for the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s were retrieved from Landsat images. We found that the cropland areas were 4.92 × 10⁴ km² and 7.60 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 22.8% and 35.2% of the total area of the SNP in the 1910s and 1930s, respectively, which increased to 13.14 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 60.9% in the 2010s. The cropland increased at a rate of 1.18 × 10⁴ km² per decade from the 1910s to 1970s while it was merely 0.285 × 10⁴ km² per decade from the 1970s to 2010s. From the 1910s to 1930s, new cultivation mainly occurred in the central SNP while, from the 1930s to 1970s, it was mainly over the western and northern parts. This spatially explicit reconstruction could be offered as primary data for studying the effects of changes in human-induced land cover based on climate change over the last century.     

基于卫星遥感的鲁西北季节性风沙化土地研究

文章对鲁西北地区季节性风沙化土地的分布、特征及近20年来的演变做了初步的分析，阐述了该地区风沙化土地的成因及其危害，在肯定已有治沙成绩的基础上，就如何合理利用和改造这些土地提出了合理布局农田林网、地一步完善农田水利设施等意见和建议。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

北京市房价与地价的动态关系——基于结构方程模型的实证分析

城市房价与地价之间的关系错综复杂,不仅受多种因素的交织影响,相互之间也存在动态关系。研究房价与地价关系的传统方法,如Granger因果检验和回归分析等,无法刻画房价与地价之间多维的网络状关系,相比之下,结构方程模型能同时处理多个内生潜变量,且不受观测指标共线性的影响,为刻画地价与房价的交互作用提供了新的工具。从住房与土地市场的供需传导机制出发,推导出房价与地价的结构模型,以北京市为例,运用2003-2013年居住用地价格和2014年在售楼盘价格,与北京市GIS电子地图相匹配,提取商服中心可达性、公共交通可达性、道路可达性、商服繁华度、设施便利性等解释变量,构建地价与房价结构方程模型,分析二者之间的结构关系。     

The property, age and formation environment of the palaeokarst in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The karst landforms distributed on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau can be genetically classed with the Tertiary underground karst, which were gradually exhumed to the surface with the uplift of the plateau during Quaternary period. The relative deposits of the Tertiary palaeokarst processes, such as the residuum and speleothem, were discovered recently in the southern and southeastern fringe areas of the plateau, where has geological-currently been disintegrated by the headward erosion processes of the modern river systems. The major chemical components of the clay portion of the residuum consist mainly of SiO2C, Al2CO3 and Fe2O3. The clay minerals composition of the clay portion belongs to illite-kaolinite pattern for most of the residuum samples, and kaolinite-illite pattern for a few of the samples. It can be judged from the silicic acid index and the clay minerals composition that the formation of the residuum of the Plateau was in its initial phase. However, such a lower chemical weathering index only reflected the weathering degree in the bottom or lower parts of the lateritic weathering crust. The relatively intensive chemical weathering processes of the surface layers of the lateritic weathering crust could be logically speculated. The surface feature textures of quartz grains in the residuum were formed mainly by the chemical erosion, which revealed a long-term humid-tropical environment when the residuum and the palaeokarst formed.