青岛海陆风三维结构的数值模拟

本文采用 1个陡地形影响修正的三维中尺度流体静力的气象学模式 ,对青岛地区海陆风的日变化规律和三维结构进行了较细致的分析。结果显示 ,青岛有多支海陆风存在 ,且每支海陆风出现的时间、强度和向内陆伸展的距离有很大的不同。这其中沿岸山地的机械和热力作用扮演着重要的角色。在观测站 ,模拟结果和实测资料等方面有较好的一致性。     

Dynamics and patterns of land levelling for agricultural reclamation of erosional badlands in Chambal Valley (Madhya Pradesh,India)

Gully and badland erosion constitute important land‐degradation processes with severe on‐site and off‐site effects above all in sedimentary deposits and alluvial soils of the arid and semi‐arid regions. Agricultural use of the affected land is impeded both by the irreversible loss of topsoil and the morphological dissection of the terrain. In various badland regions around the world, a solution to the latter problem is attempted by infilling of gullies and levelling of badland topography in order restore a morphology suitable for agricultural cultivation. Gully and badland levelling for agricultural reclamation has been conducted for decades in the large ravine lands of India. This study aims at analysing the distribution and dynamics of land levelling within the Chambal badlands in Morena district, Madhya Pradesh, between 1971 and 2015. Using high to medium resolution satellite images from the Corona, Landsat, Aster and RapidEye missions and a multi‐temporal classification approach, we have mapped and quantified areas that were newly levelled within eight observation periods. We analysed the spatial relation of levelled land to several physical and socio‐economic factors that potentially influence the choice of reclamation site by employing geographic information system (GIS) analysis methods and results from focus‐group discussions in selected villages. Results show that nearly 38 km² or 23% of the badlands in the study area have been levelled within 45 years. The levelling rate generally increases during the observation period, but the annual variability is high. We have found spatial relationships to badland morphology, vicinity of existing cropland and proximity to villages and drainage lines. From a socio‐economic point of view, availability of financial and technical means, access rights to the badland and ownership issues play an important role. Considering studies on soil degradation caused by levelling of badlands in other regions, the sustainability of the newly reclaimed fields in the Chambal badlands is questionable. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sediment modelling with fine temporal and spatial resolution for a hilly catchment

The suitability of the physically based model SHETRAN for simulating sediment generation and delivery with a high degree of spatial (20 m) and temporal (sub‐hourly) resolution was assessed through application of the model to a 167‐km² catchment leading to an estuary in New Zealand. By subdividing the catchment and conducting calculations on a computer cluster for a 6‐month hydrology initialisation period, it was possible to simulate a large rainfall event and its antecedent conditions in 24 h of computation time. The model was calibrated satisfactorily to catchment outlet flow and sediment flux for a large rainfall event in two subcatchments (~2 km²). Validation for a separate subcatchment was successful for flow (Nash–Sutcliff efficiency of 0.84) with a factor 2.1 over‐prediction for sediment load. Validation for sediment at full catchment scale using parameters from the subcatchment scale was good for flow but poor for sediment, with gross under‐estimation of the dominant stream sources of sediment. After recalibration at catchment scale, validation for a separate event gave good results for flow (Nash–Sutcliff efficiency of 0.93) and sediment load within a factor of two of measurements. An exploratory spatially explicit landslide model was added to SHETRAN, but it was not possible to test this fully because no landslides were observed in the study period. Application to climate change highlighted the non‐linear response to extreme rainfall. However, full exploration of land use and climate change and the evaluation of uncertainty were severely constrained by computational limitations. Subdivision of the catchment with separate stream routing is suggested as a way forward to overcome these limitations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流域土地利用分区空间管制研究与初步实践——以太湖流域为例

流域空间开发和土地利用在推动经济社会发展的同时,对流域生态系统的健康和安全造成了剧烈影响,迫切需要在流域综合管理中充实完善土地利用分区与管制等研究内容,因而成为推动湖泊-流域相互作用研究的重要科学问题之一.本文在回顾相关土地利用分区与管制研究基础上,从流域自然地理单元特殊性和管理目标复杂性出发,探讨了流域水陆系统相互作用机制,分析了流域土地利用分区与空间管制的研究重点与基本思路,提出了流域土地利用分区的技术路线及关键方法,并以太湖流域为例进行了初步的实践探索,提出严格保护区、适度发展区、开发利用区和保留发展区四种类型区及其空间管制要求,符合流域资源环境与经济社会发展实际,为流域可持续开发和保护提供指导.最后,讨论了未来流域土地利用分区空间管制需要进一步研究的重点方向与关键问题.     

Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River,China, 1986–2013

Climate and land‐use changes could strongly affect wind erosion and in turn cause a series of environmental problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess potential wind erosion rate (PWER) response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River (NIMRYR), China. The watershed of NIMRYR suffers from serious wind erosion hazards, and over recent decades, wind erosion intensity and distribution has changed, following climate and land‐use changes. To understand these processes in the NIMRYR watershed, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modelling System (IWEMS) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) were used to calculate the PWER under different climate conditions and land‐use scenarios, and to assess the influences of climate and land‐use changes on the PWER. The results show the PWER in the whole watershed had a significant declining trend from 1986 to 2013. The results of the relationship among PWER, climate change, and land‐use changes showed that climate change was the dominant control on the PWER change in this watershed. Compared to the period 1986–1995, the average PWER decreased 23.32% and 64.98% as a result of climate change in the periods 1996–2005 and 2006–2013, respectively. In contrast with climate change, the effects of land‐use changes on the average PWER were much lower, and represented a change in PWER of less than 3.3% across the whole watershed. The study method we used could provide some valuable reference for wind erosion modelling, and the research results should help climate and land‐use researchers to develop strategies to reduce wind erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of land cover change on duration and severity of high and low flows

Land cover has been increasingly recognized as an important factor affecting hydrologic processes at the basin and regional level. Therefore, improved understanding of how land cover change affects hydrologic systems is needed for better management of water resources. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of land cover change on the duration and severity of high and low flows by using the Soil Water Assessment Tool model, Bayesian model averaging and copulas. Two basins dominated by different land cover in the Ohio River basin are used as study area in this study. Two historic land covers from the 1950s and 1990s are considered as input to the Soil Water Assessment Tool model, thereby investigating the hydrologic high and low flow response of different land cover conditions of these two basins. The relationships between the duration and severity of both low and high flow are defined by applying the copula method; changes in the frequency of the duration and severity are investigated. The results show that land cover changes affect both the duration and severity of both high and low flows. An increase in forest area leads to a decrease in the duration and severity during both high and low flows, but its impact is highest during extreme flows. The results also show that the land cover changes have had significant influences on changes in the joint return periods of duration and severity of low and high flows. While this study sheds light on the role of land cover change on severity and duration of high and low flow conditions, more studies using various land cover conditions and climate types are required in order to draw more reliable conclusions in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏地表温度时空演变特征及影响因子

地表温度（land surface temperature,LST）是反映生态环境状况的重要指标。西藏作为气候变化的敏感地区,掌握其LST的时空变化有利于深入了解西藏热环境演化过程,为长期监测高原基础生态变化提供帮助。研究基于谷歌地球引擎获取西藏2000—2020年的MODIS LST数据,采用归一化分级方法对LST进行5个等级的划分,利用趋势分析、热力空间分析以及重心迁移等方法分析了研究区近20年来的LST时空演变特征。同时,选取归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）、裸土指数（bare soil index,BI）、垂直不透水面指数（perpendicular impervious surface index,PISI）、湿度（WET）以及高程（digital elevation model,DEM）等5个影响LST的地表参数,结合多尺度地理加权回归,探讨了LST影响因子的作用尺度与作用效力。结果表明：2000—2020年,西藏LST均值由18.72℃上升至20.28℃,年均增长0.09℃,LST呈现微弱上升态势。2...     

镇赉县土地利用结构调整

基于遥感与GIS进行吉林省镇赉县土地利用现状调查与生态适宜性评价, 通过分析二者差异提出土地利用调整方向及对策, 进一步优化土地利用结构。研究结果显示, 镇赉县宜林地和宜牧地的利用现状主要是盐碱地, 其次为耕地, 很少用于林地与草地; 宜农地和宜农、林、牧地利用格局单一, 耕林草比例不合理; 土地利用结构调整方向为盐碱地治理、退耕还林还草与土地利用格局优化。结合自然环境特点分析, 调整后的土地利用模式有农林复合、林草复合及开发水田等3种, 农、林、牧用地比例接近3∶1∶1, 空间格局交替安排。     

基于地表能量平衡与SCS模型的祁连山水源涵养能力研究

基于区域水量平衡,利用地表能量平衡的原理计算陆地实际蒸散发量,采用SCS模型计算地表径流量,提出了一种定量评估区域水源涵养量的实用方法。利用该方法和GIS软件平台,结合1982-2003年遥感数据和对祁连山水源涵养重要区水源涵养能力强弱的空间分布及其变化规律进行了计算和分析。结果表明:(1)祁连山山地水源涵养重要区内水源涵养能力最强的区域为中部和东南部地区,而西部地区涵养水源的能力相对较弱;(2)祁连山山地水源涵养重要区内中部和靠东南部的水源涵养能力减弱比较明显,特别是以门源回族自治县为中心,形成了水源涵养能力持续减弱带。