鄱阳湖退田还湖及其对洪水的影响

在详细分析鄱阳湖退田还湖现状基础上,建立了鄱阳湖退田还湖洪水位效应计算模型,估计退田还湖对典型年洪水位的效应.并对退田还湖对年最高水位频率的影响进行了预测.最后,探讨了退田还湖圩区适宜管理模式和退田还湖对湖泊环境的影响.     

三种碳源对乌梁素海好氧不产氧光合细菌群落结构的影响

好氧不产氧光合细菌(AAPB)营光合异养,在水体碳循环中起着重要作用.但是,碳源对AAPB群落结构的影响尚不明确.本文基于16S rDNA和光合反应中心合成中的关键基因——pufM基因,运用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,比较分析了在微生物分离培养中常用的3种碳源(葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠、酵母提取物)对乌梁素海水体总细菌及AAPB群落结构的影响.结果表明,不同碳源诱导7~21 d后,水体总细菌群落丰富度及多样性指数均有不同程度的提升,AAPB群落则呈现先升后降的趋势.3种碳源中,丙酮酸钠添加后对总细菌及AAPB菌群的丰富度和多样性的提升效果最好.测序及系统发育结果表明,乌梁素海水体经诱导后新检测到了一些原环境中未发现的菌属,一些具有特殊碳代谢能力的菌属丰度得到了提升.本研究为充分认识和理解AAPB的生态学作用和意义,及其富集、分离和培养提供了基础依据.     

鳙、鲢鱼鳞作为稳定同位素研究非致命采样替代物的有效性

稳定同位素分析技术已成为食物网研究中的关键技术,通用方法是取鱼类背部白色肌肉,在实际应用过程会导致鱼类的死亡,因而有所局限.使用非致命组织作为稳定同位素研究中的替代组织越来越得到关注,但是目前国内尚未开展相关研究.比较鳙(Aristichthy nobilis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鱼鳞与肌肉组织中δ13C和δ15N比值,发现鳙、鲢的鱼鳞与肌肉组织中δ13C和δ15N比值均有显著差异.鱼鳞δ13C比值比肌肉更富集,平均高2.54‰,而δ15N比值比肌肉平均低0.7‰.对鳙、鲢的鱼鳞与肌肉组织δ15N比值含量进行相关分析发现,通过构建线性模型,可用校正后的鱼鳞δ15N比值替代肌肉组织δ15N比值.鲢的鱼鳞与肌肉组织δ13C比值存在显著线性相关,而鳙的鱼鳞与肌肉组织δ13C比值无显著相关关系.     

河西走廊东段湖泊旋回及其古气候意义

以河西走廊东段石羊河尾闾青土湖为例,通过对志云村剖面沉各气候记录的研究,证实季风边缘是年以上时间尺度的气候变化,具有暖湿,冷干的阶段性特征。自６０００ａＢＰ以来,河西走廊东段渗湖泊回经历了四次湖退和三次湖进过程。除最后一次湖退直至干涸受人类活动影响较大外,其它主要是气候阶段性变化的结果。     

东营凹陷波动古湖相烃源岩沉积特征

以东营凹陷牛38井为例,研究显示,该井沙河街组沙三段烃源岩的沉积特征具有明显的波动性．宏观上体现为, 构造因素控制湖盆的整体升降和沉积构造旋回,但季节性气候及其它因素的影响使湖盆呈现次级旋回的复合性沉积．微观上表现为纹层的不连续性及生物扰动构造等事件性沉积.古湖面不同幅度的波动和变化导致相对稳定的泥岩沉积的不稳定性,有机质的分布也呈现较显著的非均质性．湖泊的沉积过程影响了微量元素、有机质以及烃源物质的分布,水体较深、盐度较高的沙三段下部多数微量元素含量较高以及B／Ca、Sr／Ba呈现高值;水体较浅、盐度较低的沙三段中部各元素的分布较为稳定,B／Ca、Sr／Ba比值及Sr的含量均显著降低.波动性沉积导致烃源岩呈现明显的优劣性分布,沙三段下部中的有机质富集,为优质烃源岩;沙三段中部的有机质分布较为分散,生排烃的资源潜力有限．     

藻型湖区氧化亚氮排放特征及其影响因素

湖泊等内陆水体是大气N₂O潜在的重要排放源,也是全球N₂O收支估算的重要组成部分。目前全球湖泊普遍面临富营养化和蓝藻暴发等问题,明晰藻型湖泊N₂O排放强度及其环境影响因子对准确估算湖泊N₂O排放和预测其未来变化至关重要。本研究选择太湖藻型湖区为研究对象,同时选取人为活动影响较小的湖心区作为对比区域,基于2011年8月至2013年8月为期2年的逐月连续观测,探讨藻型湖区N₂O排放特征及其影响因素。结果表明,藻型湖区呈现极强的N₂O排放,其排放通量为(4.88±3.05) mmol/(m²·d),是参考区域(湖心:(2.10±4.31) mmol/(m²·d))的2倍多。此外,在藻型湖区中不同点位N₂O排放差异显著,受河流外源输入影响,近岸区是N₂O的热点排放区,其年均排放通量高达10.93 mmol/(m²·d)。连续观测表明N₂     

新疆碳排放影响因素分析与政策建议

气候变化和二氧化碳减排问题已引起全世界的关注.本文运用岭回归分析1995-2008 年新疆碳排放与人口、经济、技术间的关系,并进一步探讨了产业结构和主导产业对碳排放的影响,以寻找减排的技术路线和对策,推动区域低碳经济的发展.结果表明：①不合理的经济结构和人口增长对碳排放有显著的推动作用,技术进步虽在一定程度上缓解了碳排放,但影响甚微;②新疆过分依赖自然资源的经济增长方式和以第二产业为主的经济结构是导致温室气体排放量增加的主要原因;③研究期间,新疆的主导产业均为以石油天然气开采、石油化工、煤化工为主的重工业,但其在工业总产值的比重却有较大提升,导致对能源的消耗急剧增加.未来在全球化背景下,新疆应转变经济增长模式,加大生态保护力度,更多地依靠科技创新、技术进步和制度的改进,大力发展低碳产业.     

Distribution of organic carbon in bed sediments of Manoa Stream,Oahu, Hawaii

Organic carbon (OC) associated with fluvial bed sediment plays an important role in biotic and abiotic processes operating within drainage basins. Increasingly, there is a need to characterize storage and spatial distributions of OC in aquatic sediments, particularly under-sampled areas like tropical streams. The objectives of this study were to examine in detail the variation of OC concentration with bed sediment grain size, to characterize the influence of grain size variation on relative OC mass storage, and to compare weighted OC values to those in other aquatic sediments worldwide. The study area selected was a third-order dendritic drainage basin developed in a basaltic complex. Bed sediments along a 6 km section of Manoa Stream were systematically sampled every 50 m for a total of 113 sample site locations. Sediments were partitioned into six size fractions (< 2·0 mm) and OC was determined by dry combustion. Data indicate that the OC concentration increases with decreasing grain size, with the greatest values in the < 0·063 mm (silt + clay) fraction, approximately 4·6 times greater than the very coarse sand fraction (1·00–2·00 mm). Robust smoothing techniques illustrated a general decrease in OC concentration downstream for the size fractions < 0·25 mm. Bed sediments were dominated by size fractions coarser than 0·5 mm (80 per cent of the total distribution) and only about 2 per cent in the fractions less than 0·13 mm. Combining information on OC concentration per size fraction and the mass contribution of each fraction to the whole sample, it was observed that fractions coarser than 0·5 mm had eight to 12 times the storage of OC per kilogram of bed sediments than the fractions finer than 0·13 mm. Weighted OC values for Manoa Stream were on average 6·7 g-OC kg−1, and these were similar to those reported in the literature for a variety of sediments in aquatic environments, both freshwater and marine. These data provide important information on the relative mass storage of OC in bed sediments and their longitudinal patterns in a tropical fluvial environment. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河口有机碳研究综述

河口作为陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统的交汇处,是陆海相互作用和全球碳循环研究的焦点之一.河口区物质来源的多样性,有机碳输入、生成、降解、再生及相互转化等行为是近年来关注的热点,国内外许多学者对河口有机碳的来源及其相互转化机制等方面开展了一系列颇具成果的研究.文章主要从判别河口有机碳来源的研究方法及其盐度、最大浑浊带、生物活动等环境因子对有机碳形态转化的影响等角度对国内外河口有机碳研究状况作了综述,并展望河口有机碳生物地球化学研究的发展趋势.     

Temporal variation in properties of an uncropped,ploughed Miamian soil in relation to seasonal erodibility

Knowledge of seasonal variation in soil structural and related properties is important for the determination of critical periods during which soil is susceptible to accelerated erosion and other degradative processes. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the magnitude of seasonal variations in selected soil and deposited sediment properties in relation to soil erodibility for a Miamian silt-loam soil (Typic Hapludalf) in central Ohio. Erosion plots (USLE-type) were established on a 4·5% slope and maintained under bare, ploughed conditions from 1988 to 1991. Particle size distribution, bulk density(ρ_b), percentage water stable aggregates (WSA), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total soil nitrogen (TSN) of both soil and sediment samples were monitored between Autumn 1989 and Spring 1991. The soil and sediment particle size distributions followed no clear seasonal trends. Soil ρ_b increased following tillage (1·20 Mg m⁻³) and was highest (1·45 Mg m⁻³) during the autumn owing to soil slumping and consolidation upon drying. Low winter and spring values of ρ_b and %WSA (20–50% lower than in autumn) were attributed to excessive wetness and freeze–thaw effects. Both SOC and soil TSN contents progressively declined (from 2·18 to 1·79% and 1·97 to 1·75 g kg⁻¹, respectively) after ploughing owing to maintenance of plots under bare, fallow conditions. Spring highs and autumn lows of sediment SOC (3·12 vs. 2·44%) and TSN (2·70 vs. 1·96 g kg⁻¹) contents were a result of the combined effects of soil microbial activity and rainfall erosivity. Soil properties such as bulk density, SOC and WSA, which vary seasonally, can potentially serve as predictors of seasonal soil erodibility, which, in turn, could improve the predictive capacity of soil erosion prediction models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.