Topographic Effect on the Energetics of Geostrophic Adjustment

1. IntroductionThe adjustment of mass and velocity fields tosome imposed state of imbalance, constitutes a clas-sical problem in meteorology and oceanography. Tak-ing into account of the earth's rotation, the process isusually referred to as 'geostrophic adjustment', and isconcerned with the wind and density fields that persistafter gravity waves have radiated excess energy away(Rossby, 1937), and with the form of the gravity-waveenergy itself. Since the pioneer work of Rossby (1937),the stud…     

2-萘酚吸附树脂热解和燃烧特性的研究

利用热重-差热分析仪对染料化工企业产生的2-萘酚吸附树脂在4种不同气氛下的热重（TG）和微分热重（DTG）曲线进行研究。试验结果表明：2-萘酚吸附树脂在高温、氧化条件下不稳定，易于分解，其热分解失重率受气氛变化的影响较大。提出了2-萘酚吸附树脂热解和燃烧机理，给出了热解反应动力学参数和模型。     

一次强沙尘暴过程中尺度平均动能变率诊断

利用MM5中尺度气象模式嵌套数值模拟的输出结果,计算并分析了一次强沙尘暴天气过程的中尺度动能收支,揭示了沙尘暴过程中的起沙、扬沙和输送的能量来源以及随高度的分布和演变过程。结果表明：(1)沙尘暴天气期间中尺度能量过程活跃;(2)沙尘暴过程因消耗局地动能而启动和发展,能量来源在于高空的动能转化;(3)沙尘暴天气过程中,非地转运动造成的气流穿越等压线运动是沙尘暴能量平衡过程中次重要的能汇项;(4)水平通量散度项为沙尘暴天气过程中主要的中尺度能汇;(5)垂直通量散度项为沙尘暴天气过程中的能源项。随着系统的演变,能源中心从高层向中层转移,直至后期的高层出现能汇;(6)摩擦消耗和次网格尺度效应以及计算误差R在沙尘暴天气过程中总体表现为能源项。     

东北冷涡过程的能量学分析

对一次较典型的东北冷涡过程作了能量学分析。结果表明，冷涡涡动动能的主要收入来自涡动位能的转换（Ａｅ→Ｋｅ）。在冷涡发展期，由外边界强气流入侵所产生的动能输入也十分重要。涡动动能的支出主要是转换为纬向气流的动能，即Ｋｅ→Ｋｚ，其次是消耗项和成熟期以后的边界动能输出。冷涡过程涡动动能变化的绝对值以中、高空为大，但相对变率却远小于低空。Ａｅ→Ｋｅ主要发生在７００—３００ｈＰａ中空，高空则为Ｋｅ→Ａｅ的转换     

Effects of Street-Bottom and Building-Roof Heating on Flow in Three-Dimensional Street Canyons

Using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model,the effects of street-bottom and building-roof heating on flow in three-dimensional street canyons are investigated.The building and street-canyon aspect ratios are one.In the presence of street-bottom heating,as the street-bottom heating intensity increases,the mean kinetic energy increases in the spanwise street canyon formed by the upwind and downwind buildings but decreases in the lower region of the streamwise street canyon.The increase in momentum due to buoyancy force intensifies mechanically induced flow in the spanwise street canyon.The vorticity in the spanwise street canyon strengthens.The temperature increase is not large because relatively cold above-roof-level air comes into the spanwise street canyon.In the presence of both street-bottom and building-roof heating,the mean kinetic energy rather decreases in the spanwise street canyon.This is caused by the decrease in horizontal flow speed at the roof level,which results in the weakening of the mean flow circulation in the spanwise street canyon.It is found that the vorticity in the spanwise street canyon weakens.The temperature increase is relatively large compared with that in the street-bottom heating case,because relatively warm above-roof-level air comes into the spanwise street canyon.     

Biosorption of mercury(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous system by microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii immobilized in alginate beads

The potential use of the immobilized microalgae (in Ca-alginate) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to remove Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions was evaluated using bare Ca-alginate bead as a control system. Ca-alginate beads containing immobilized microalgae were incubated for the uniform growth at 22 °C for 5 days. Effects of pH, temperature, initial concentration of metal ions and biosorbent dosages on the adsorption of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions were studied. Adsorption of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions on the immobilized microalgae showed highest values at around pH 5.0 to 6.0. The adsorption equilibrium was represented with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of these ions on the immobilized microalgae followed second-order kinetics and equilibrium was established in about 60 min. The temperature change in the range of 5–40 °C did not affect the adsorption capacities of the immobilized microalgae. The immobilized-algal systems can be regenerated using 2 M NaCl for Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions.     

蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附作用

试验研究了蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的等温吸附，以及赖氨酸、酸碱度、温度、离体肠管吸收和透析袋透析对其吸附的影响。结果表明：蒙脱石在pH2．0和pH8．0时对黄曲霉毒索B1的最大吸附量分别为613．5和628．9μg/g；赖氨酸含量为2～4mg／mL时对吸附无影响；酸碱度在pH2．0至pH8．0及温度在20℃至60℃时对吸附无明显影响；蒙脱石可减少离体肠管对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸收率及黄曲霉毒素B1通过透析袋的透析率。鸡小肠对黄曲霉毒素B1存在主动吸收过程。在吸附反应的初始阶段，蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附符合一级吸附动力学方程，黄曲霉毒素B1半衰期为6．3～7．3min；20min后达到吸附平衡。     

扰动动能与平均动能转换率及其角动量涡旋输送与新疆暴风雪过程的关系

用1995年5月至1999年4月KWBC北半球500 hPa高度场5°×5°客观分析资料,应用谐波分析把等压面高度场沿纬圈作富利叶级数展开,计算逐日25°~80°N每隔5°纬度递增的沿纬圈的扰动动能与平均动能转换率(E)、角动量涡旋输送(RM),分析了E和RM的年、季分布特征及其与新疆暴风雪过程的关系.结果表明:E和RM具有显著的季节变化和周期性;E的正高值中心与新疆暴风雪过程有较好的关系,出现E正高值中心的日期作为预报指标日,其后3~6 d新疆将出现暴风雪天气过程,出现RM负低值中心的日期作为预报指标日,其后3~8 d新疆有暴风雪过程发生;当E的正高值中心和RM的负值中心同时出现时,更确定了新疆暴风雪过程出现的可能性.     

弯道水流对下游回水响应特征试验研究

弯道水面横比降及断面环流是弯道水流的显著特性。通过U形弯道水流壅水试验,对弯道水面横向比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速沿程的变化进行了试验研究。结果显示,随着下游回水的抬高,弯道水面横比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速将发生明显的改变。为深入探讨下游回水对弯道水流结构的影响提供了科学依据。     

一种基于多普勒频移的GPS自适应滤波算法研究

针对接收机的动态模型对GPS定位精度的影响,提出了一种基于多普勒频移观测的高动态GPS自适应滤波算法。该算法利用GPS伪距测量值以及利用信号载波的多普勒频移所获得的伪距率测量值,在GPS动态滤波中同时观测伪距和伪距率。借助于移动目标的运动矢量模型以及GPS定位误差模型建立了滤波方程。重点讨论了运用该模型进行Kalman滤波的实现过程。仿真实验表明,该模型与传统的方差自适应模型相比,位置精度提高了32%、速度精度提高了25%,应用本文算法能够提高定位精度和改善接收机的动态性能,拓宽高精度、高动态导航的应用范围。