The key‐group method

This paper proposes an extension to the key‐block method, called ‘key‐group method’, that considers not only individual key blocks but also groups of collapsable blocks into an iterative and progressive analysis of the stability of discontinuous rock slopes. The basics of the key‐block method are recalled herein and then used to prove how key groups can be identified. We reveal that a key group must contain at least one basic key block, yet this condition is not entirely sufficient. The second block candidate for grouping must be another key block or a block whose movement‐preventing faces are common to one or more single key blocks. We also show that the proposed method yields more realistic results than the basic key‐block method and a comparison with results obtained using a distinct element analysis demonstrates the ability of this new method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marquardt算法磁测三维反演方法策略

在磁法三维反演中,反演对象数目往往巨大,受限于当今的计算机技术与计算方法,在超大规模方程组的求解时遇到极大的困难。所以,在解决实际问题时能力非常有限,对于Marquardt算法磁测三维反演问题尤为突出。为此,在这里提出了两个较为有效的方法策略,即将模型组体化和将组体分类,并在理论应用中得到了较好的效果。     

DCT域遥感影像的自适应遗传优化增强

本文在DCT域中提出了一种基于遗传算法的遥感影像增强技术,针对DCT域遥感影像增强参数需人工设定的问题,利用自适应遗传算法对其进行优化选取:设计了一种考虑偏差的适应度函数以驱动遗传算法进化,通过无分块思想的使用实现了无人工干预、无块效应的遥感影像增强。该方法不但保持了遥感影像的原始色调而且显著提升了遥感影像方差、平均梯度、信息熵等质量测度,有效改善了遥感影像的视觉效果,便于后续影像处理及应用。     

旅游规划设计的内涵本质与核心理论研究

随着旅游业在吸纳就业、调整产业结构、带动区域经济发展等诸多方面作用日益凸显,旅游规划市场呈现出蓬勃发展的趋势.然而,从学科来看旅游规划不仅缺乏独有的核心理论和关键技术作为支撑,而且其与其他规划设计在本质上的区别也尚未能予以清晰地界定.为此,在前人研究和多年规划实践基础上,就若干基础性问题进行探讨:一是提出了旅游规划设计的六大本质特征;二是提出了旅游规划设计师的四大看家本领;三是提出了旅游规划设计的“12345”核心理论框架;四是提出了旅游规划设计的综合诊断技术、创造体验技术、综合匹配技术、时空设计技术和综合集成技术五大关键技术方法;五是讨论了旅游规划设计的学科性质和地位.     

监测地理国情对测绘发展的引领与拓新

开展地理国情监测,国家测绘地理信息局已经有了很好的成果资料积累、技术基础和人才梯队,但是要形成一个完整的地理国情监测体系还需要科技创新和实践探索。目前主要任务是：充分利用已取得的基础测绘成果及其与地理国情监测相关方面探索出的成功经验,准确把握地理国情监测的重点和难点,创新思维,勇于探索,破解难题,为全面开展地理国情监测工作铺平道路。     

“雨燕”中风暴算法在北京奥运天气预报示范项目中的应用及改进

介绍了临近预报系统“雨燕”中的风暴系列算法, 包括风暴识别、 风暴追踪、 基于TREC技术的风暴位置预报, 以及预报位置实时评分算法等。利用2008年北京奥运期间出现的多个强对流天气, 统计出该风暴产品在30 min和60 min预报时效的绝对距离误差分别约为13 km和23 km。分析了北京奥运天气预报示范项目期间该风暴产品误差较大的原因, 主要集中于TREC技术本身及其适用范围, 以及风暴预报方案中处理细节的不足, 具体为TREC技术不适用于孤立的回波单体, 雷达探测边界对TREC技术的影响, TREC矢量有时呈现出一定的空间不连续性, 以及对孤立少动单体的不当处理等。针对上述原因, 提出了一系列的改进方案, 包括对用于风暴位置预报的TREC矢量增加一致性检验, 利用风暴的历史轨迹校正不恰当的TREC矢量; 对TREC技术中象素阵列大小进行统计分析, 选择最适合北京地区的阵列大小; 风暴预报位置超出回波范围时新的处理技巧等。利用北京奥运期间的强对流资料, 对改进后的风暴算法进行评估。结果表明, 一方面, 改进后的算法能较好地控制风暴预报位置的绝对误差, 在30 min和60 min预报时效, 绝对误差分别减小了25%和26%。另一方面, 由于预报位置精度的提高, 能够提升相邻时刻风暴匹配的效率, 使得与以前算法相比有更多的风暴样本参与了各个预报时效的评分。     

EXPERIMENTS TO TRACK STORMS USING MODERN OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS

Storm identification and tracking based on weather radar data are essential to nowcasting and severe weather warning. A new two-dimensional storm identification method simultaneously seeking in two directions is proposed, and identification results are used to discuss storm tracking algorithms. Three modern optimization algorithms (simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm) are tested to match storms in successive time intervals. Preliminary results indicate that the simulated annealing algorithm and ant colony algorithm are effective and have intuitionally adjustable parameters, whereas the genetic algorithm is unsatisfactorily constrained by the mode of genetic operations. Experiments provide not only the feasibility and characteristics of storm tracking with modern optimization algorithms, but also references for studies and applications in relevant fields.     

基于5分钟雷达资料降水估测模型的比较

For the Z-R relationship in radar-based rainfall estimation, the distribution of corresponding R values for a given Z value （or the corresponding Z value for a given R value） may be highly skewed. However, the traditional power-law model is physically deduced and fitted under the normal-distribution presumption of radar wave echoes associated with a rain rate value, and it may not be very appropriate. Considering this problem, the authors devised several generalized linear models with different forms and distribution presumptions to represent the Z-R relationship. Radar-reflectivity scans observed by a CINRAD/SC Doppler radar and 5-minute rainfall accumulation recorded by 10 ground gauges were used to fit these models. All data used in this study were collected during some large rainfalls of the period from 2005 to 2007. The radar and all gauges were installed in the catchment of the Yishu River, a branch of the Huaihe River in China. Three models based on normal distribution and a dBZ presumption of gamma distribution were fitted using maximum-likelihood techniques, which were resolved by genetic algorithms. Comparisons of estimated maximized likelihoods based on assumptions of gamma and normal distribution showed that all generalized linear models （GLMs） of presumed gamma distribution were better fitted than GLMs based on normal distribution. In a comparison of maximum-likelihood, the differences between these three models were small. Three error statistics were used to assess the agreement between radar estimated rainfall and gauge rainfall： relative bias （B）, root mean square error （RMSE）, and correlation coefficient （r）. The results showed that no one model was excellent in all criteria. On the whole, the GLM-based models gave smaller relative bias than the traditional power-law model. It is suggested that validations conducted in many previous works should have been made against a specific criterion but overlooked others.     

深部切顶沿空成巷关键参数研究及工程应用

传统充填沿空留巷工艺繁琐﹑留巷速度慢,与现代化高强度开采要求不相适应,由此提出了切顶沿空成巷无煤柱开采新技术,其中关键参数设计是该技术的核心问题之一,对留巷的稳定性具有较大影响。以城郊煤矿21304工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,对切顶沿空成巷关键参数进行了系统研究。基于岩石碎胀自承特性和围岩结构“S-R”稳定原理,推导出切顶高度﹑切顶角度的理论计算公式;建立了聚能爆破力学模型,并结合数值模拟和现场试验,确定了聚能爆破装药量及钻孔间距。研究结果表明：合理的切顶参数能够切断巷道顶板与采空区岩层间的力学关系,使采空区顶板沿切缝顺利垮落,碎胀的矸石可有效支撑上覆顶板,限制其回转下沉,减弱覆岩运动对留巷的扰动作用,沿空巷道围岩变形量明显减小。根据理论计算﹑数值分析和现场试验研究成果,确定了城郊煤矿21304工作面切顶沿空成巷关键参数,并在现场进行了应用,回采后沿空巷道侧向顶板能够迅速切落形成巷帮,留巷稳定后各项指标均能满足现场使用要求。     

Integration schemes with substepping algorithms for creep analysis in geomaterials

This paper describes a robust and efficient methodology for predicting displacements, deformations, and stresses in geomaterials that are susceptible to creep. The methodology is based on two integration schemes, which consider substepping algorithms. The first scheme is used for integrating space-time relations in a global sense, whereas the second scheme is used for integrating stress-stain relations in a local sense. Different from previous studies, both integration schemes are easy to implement and general in the sense that they can be applied to any type of creep law. Through an in-house finite element simulator, several numerical tests are performed. They include triaxial and wellbore closure analyses considering soft soils and salt rocks. The results show that the combination of both schemes leads to stable and accurate solutions with reduced computational time.