中国能源供给安全综合评价及障碍因素分析

作为能源生产和消费大国,中国的能源供给安全问题一直备受关注,甚至有一些别有用心的国际机构大肆宣扬“中国能源威胁论”。针对中国能源供给存在的实际突出问题,开展能源供给安全综合评价研究,有助于深刻认识中国能源供给安全形势,找出中国能源供给安全的主要影响因子和强化政策保障。从能源供给安全的概念出发,构建中国能源供给安全综合评价指标体系,基于集对分析方法构建能源供给安全评估模型,借鉴指标评价标准模型建立指标评价标准值,运用熵值法确定各评价指标的权重,对近年来中国能源供给安全的等级、演变特征及主要影响因素进行了深入分析。研究结果表明：2000-2008 年中国能源供给安全评价等级为III,2009 年和2011 年上升为I 级,2010 年为II 级。中国能源供给安全指数与最优评价集I 的联系度由2000 年的-0.46 增至2011 年的0.23,呈波动上升趋势。中国能源供给安全影响因素分析显示,能源产品价格指数和能源加工转换效率是第一位的影响因素,在各年份的出现频率达到91.67%,其次为可再生能源所占比重和储采比,出现频率达到83.33%。     

Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity. However, the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear. Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements (SEMO) that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface. Consequently, the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window. Thus, their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently. These analyses demonstrate that, contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface, there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface: a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism. That is, the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media. Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method, such as head wave travel-time tomography, and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau.     

A Free Boundary Problem Related to the Location of Volcanic Gas Sources

A mathematical model of general gas emitting systems is derived, and a sample of relevant mathematical results is offered. The present paper indicates that shallow subsurface gas sources in typical volcanic areas can be located if appropriate physico-chemical measurements are made on the Earths surface and put to use.     

Magnetically collimated jets with high mass flux

We present HST /WFPC2 observations of UGC 4483, an irregular galaxy in the M81/NGC 2403 complex. Stellar photometry was carried out with HSTphot, and is complete to V ≃26.0 and I ≃24.7. We measure the red giant branch tip at I =23.56±0.10, and calculate a distance modulus of μ ₀=27.53±0.12 (corresponding to a distance of 3.2±0.2 Mpc), placing UGC 4483 within the NGC 2403 subgroup. We were able to measure properties of a previously known young star cluster in UGC 4483, finding integrated magnitudes of V =18.66±0.21 and I =18.54±0.10 for the stellar contribution (integrated light minus H α and [O  iii ] contribution), corresponding to an age of ∼10–15 Myr and an initial mass of ∼10⁴ M_⊙. This is consistent with the properties of the cluster's brightest stars, which were resolved in the data for the first time. Finally, a numerical analysis of the galaxy's stellar content yields a roughly constant star formation rate of 1.3×10⁻³ M_⊙ yr⁻¹ and mean metallicity of [Fe/H]=−1.3 dex from 15 Gyr ago to the present.     

Optimal design of supplemental viscous dampers for irregular shear‐frames in the presence of yielding

A methodology for the optimal design of supplemental viscous dampers for regular as well as irregular yielding shear‐frames is presented. It addresses the problem of minimizing the added damping subject to a constraint on an energy‐based global damage index (GDI) for an ensemble of realistic ground motion records. The applicability of the methodology for irregular structures is achieved by choosing an appropriate GDI. For a particular choice of the parameters comprising the GDI, a design for the elastic behavior of the frame or equal damage for all stories is achieved. The use of a gradient‐based optimization algorithm for the solution of the optimization problem is enabled by first deriving an expression for the gradient of the constraint. The optimization process is started for one ‘active’ ground motion record which is efficiently selected from the given ensemble. If the resulting optimal design fails to satisfy the constraints for other records from the original ensemble, additional ground motions (loading conditions) are added one by one to the ‘active’ set until the optimum is reached. Two examples for the optimal designs of supplemental dampers are given: a 2‐story shear frame with varying strength distribution and a 10‐story shear frame. The 2‐story shear frame is designed for one given ground motion whereas the 10‐story frame is designed for an ensemble of twenty ground motions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球物理不规则分布数据的空间网格化法

不规则分布数据的网格化处理是地球物理数据处理和解释的基础问题,是保证许多地球物理数据处理方法得以成功实施的前提.文中介绍了线性插值法、多元二次函数法、普通克里格法、反插值法等4种空间网格化法的原理,并利用这些网格化方法进行了理论模型和实际航磁数据的试验分析.     

基于单相机和结构光的纹理缺乏目标三维重建

提出了利用结构光自动匹配同名点的方法,解决了纹理缺乏目标难以自动匹配同名点的难题,介绍了利用单相机和结构光对纹理缺乏目标进行三维重建的全过程。     

基于离散点绘制等高线算法的研究

等高线图在实际工作中应用非常广泛，在离散点数据的基础上自动生成等高线图有许多算法。本文着重讨论了如何在采集离散点时加入编码的基础上，尽量减少或不进行人工干预，基于有约束的TIN构建方法一次性生成等高线图。实践表明该方法能够明显加快成图速度与提高等高线成图的精度。     

大跨度预应力空心板在北京奥运射击馆中的应用

介绍北京奥运射击馆工程中,大跨度现浇混凝土预应力空心板的结构设计特点,阐述空心板截面形式的确定,并且对一些构造措施进行说明。