Evidence for an Extended Scattered Disk

By telescopic tracking, we have established that the transneptunian object (TNO) 2000 CR₁₀₅ has a semimajor axis of 220±1 AU and perihelion distance of 44.14±0.02 AU, beyond the domain which has heretofore been associated with the “scattered disk” of Kuiper Belt objects interacting via gravitational encounters with Neptune. We have also firmly established that the TNO 1995 TL₈ has a high perihelion (of 40.08±0.02 AU). These objects, and two other recent discoveries which appear to have perihelia outside 40 AU, have probably been placed on these orbits by a gravitational interaction which is not strong gravitational scattering off of any of the giant planets on their current orbits. Their existence may thus have profound cosmogonic implications for our understanding of the formation of the outer Solar System. We discuss some viable scenarios which could have produced these objects, including long-term diffusive chaos and scattering off of other massive bodies in the outer Solar System. This discovery implies that there must be a large population of TNOs in an “extended scattered disk” with perihelia above the previously suggested 38 AU boundary. The total population is difficult to estimate due to the ease with which such objects would have been lost. This illustrates the great value of frequent and well time-sampled recovery observations of trans-neptunian objects within their discovery opposition.     

Tikhonov's regularization for deconvolution in the empirical Green function method and vertical directivity effect

Application of Tikhonov's technique, using input errors for the parameter of regularization estimation, enhances the accuracy and stability of the reconstruction of a source time function (STF) by the empirical Green function (EGF) method that gives us an opportunity to use simultaneously for analysis body and surface waves data, and to estimate the horizontal and vertical directivity effects. Knowledge of the last is particularly useful for the choice of an active nodal plane of earthquakes with the dip slip fault orientation that allows us to classify these earthquakes to the interplate or intraplate types and thereby to reach the better understanding of tectonic processes in the region of interest.By way of illustration, an attempt to estimate average parameters of faulting in a first approximation is made herein for two Russian Far East large events with opposite types of focal mechanism orientation, strike slip and dip slip. The former is not a matter of interest in the context of vertical directivity effect but enables us to test the method.The directivity analysis of pulse durations and inverse amplitudes of the relative source time functions (RSTFs) restored at eight globally distributed stations IRIS indicates that the destruction in the source of the Neftegorsk earthquake (05/27/1995 M_W=7.1) propagated roughly horizontally in the direction 8±11° during 19.2±0.4 s along the rupture extending 35.5±4.9 km. The calculated slip distribution along the rupture coincides within the error with the results of field geological measurements on the causal surface fault that proves that the Neftegorsk earthquake source is well described by the model of the linear unilateral fault and gives a good assessment of the method applied.The average parameters of faulting in the Kamchatka earthquake (03/08/1999 M_W=6.9) have been determined from data of 13 station IRIS. It was shown that the destruction in its source propagated downward at an angle of about 60° with horizon, in the direction about S156° E, during 13.4±0.2 s, along the rupture totaling 25.5±2.3 km in length. Therefore, the nodal plane, steeply dipped to the SE, was active and this event can be regarded as an intraplate type. Two asperities can be selected; the first with the maximum slip 3.3 m located at a distance of about 7 km from the onset of rupture, and the second with the maximum slip about 0.9 m centered at approximately 19 km from that.     

铜陵矿集区“拖带”凹陷与无规边界形成机理的流变实验研究

微板块拼合之后 ,板内盖层部分常因强烈变形而重新形成为若干次级地质单元 ,后者多发育不规则的边界形态和特殊的构造组合。为认识其形成机理 ,进一步了解板内变形的某些特殊现象乃至普适规律 ,对铜陵矿集区进行了以景观重塑为目的的变形模拟。结果发现 ,即使原本相对规则和均一的构造单元 ,在周围地区的夹持和围限下 ,也有可能因经历复杂的“挤压—剪切—旋转—拖带”式递进变形 ,而在两个对峙的角顶部位发育一种特殊的“拖带”凹陷 ,并最终形成不规则的地质边界。前者可视作板内变形特有的区域尺度流变构造 ,而后者则是板内变形条件下的一种必然产物     

大规模场景中多分辨率地形TIN模型

为了实现大规模场景的多分辨率显示，文中利用L0D细节分层思想提出了一种地形TIN模型。重点解决不同分辨率TIN模型间的连续过渡问题，以及分块TIN模型的创建问题，包括TIN构网时的数据结构设计和算法优化。     

遥感图像中线状地物的多级识别方法

本文提出了一种将光谱信息,灰度的结构信息、几何属性、相关位置以及先验知识等综合考虑的多级识别新方法。着重对线段检测中的阈值确定方法、线段的连接和取舍、启发式图搜索线段等进行了探讨。     

STUDIES OF BEAUTIFUL GEOGRAPHY

IntroductionIhthestudyofdistribution0fproduchon,wef0undasatoffaCtsthatproduCtonhadn0tbandistribUtedaccordingtDthenompllawsofthedistributionofproduCtion.'Forexamle,ashoemakerWhogotrickinSoutheaStAsiacamebaCktoNaning(inChina)anddistribUtedarestauranopsis,Ji…     

Estimation of inelastic seismic deformations in asymmetric multistorey RC buildings

Four real buildings with three to six stories, strong irregularities in plan and little engineered earthquake resistance are subjected to inelastic response‐history analyses under 56 bidirectional EC8‐spectra‐compatible motions. The average chord rotation demand at each member end over the 56 response‐history analyses is compared to the chord rotation from elastic static analysis with inverted triangular lateral forces or modal response spectrum analysis. The storey‐average inelastic‐to‐elastic‐chord‐rotation‐ratio was found fairly constant in all stories, except when static elastic analysis is applied to buildings with large higher mode effects. Except for such buildings, static elastic analysis gives more uniform ratios of inelastic chord rotations to elastic ones within and among stories than modal response spectrum analysis, but generally lower than 1.0. With increasing EPA the building‐average inelastic‐to‐elastic‐chord‐rotation‐ratio decreases but scatter in the results increases. Static elastic analysis tends to overestimate the inelastic torsional effects at the flexible or central part of the torsionally flexible buildings and underestimate them at their stiff side. Modal response spectrum analysis tends to overestimate the inelastic torsional effects at the stiff or central part of the torsionally stiff buildings and underestimate them at the flexible side. Overall, for multistorey RC buildings that typically have fundamental periods in the velocity‐sensitive part of the spectrum, elastic modal response spectrum analysis with 5% damping gives on average unbiased and fairly accurate estimates of member inelastic chord rotations. If higher modes are not significant, elastic static analysis in general overestimates inelastic chord rotations of such buildings, even when torsional effects are present. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非穿透体和起伏地表模型的FMM走时计算

在隧道或巷道工程地震超前探测中较常用偏移成像技术,计算地震射线走时是该技术的核心部分。由于在近似地下全空间区域内成像,隧道或巷道、空洞、采空区等非穿透体对地震波走时计算有较大影响。为此,文中发展了基于FMM(fast marching method)的含非穿透体的走时算法。该算法采用非穿透体区域标记法,当FMM窄带区在计算到非穿透体时会自动避开或绕过,使得波前推进更加符合实际传播情况。这种算法也适用于起伏地表模型,只需要将起伏地表以上区域也作为非穿透体来对待。因而,新算法可以同时处理含有起伏地表的模型。改进的算法与常规算法相比只是增加了标记点,保持了FMM的计算精度和效率。理论模型试验表明,改进的算法能够较准确地计算走时,对复杂异常体的适应性较强,而且有很好的稳定性。     

基于方向关系矩阵的空间方向相似性定量计算方法

介绍了一种多尺度空间对象的方向关系表达模型以及基于该模型的方向相似度度量方法。该方向关系模型对方向关系矩阵模型进行了改进,根据空间对象的形状定量描述空间对象之间的方向关系;借鉴平衡传输问题的解决方法计算方向矩阵间最小转换代价,即方向矩阵间的距离,从而量化方向对间的差异,最终获得任意尺度空间对象的方向相似度并对其进行比较。对不同尺度空间对象的方向相似性的试验表明,该方法简单可行且不失精度,结果符合人类认知。     

非规则三角网格有限差分法地震正演模拟

针对有限差分方法在地震正演模拟中的广泛应用,提出了1种基于三角形网格的地震正演模拟差分算法。相对于矩形网格差分法而言,该方法可以更为精确地描述弯曲的速度界面,可直接用于起伏地表模型的正演模拟计算而无需对模型做特殊处理。由于空间步长可随速度的变化而改变,加之在递推计算中采用了显式差分算法,该方法可视为对传统的规则网格有限差分法的有效改进。数值模拟的结果表明该方法是稳定、精确的且具有较高的计算效率。