The mass budget necessary to explain ‘Oumuamua as a nitrogen iceberg

Recently, a nitrogen iceberg was proposed as a possible origin for the first interstellar object, 1I/2017 U1, also known as ‘Oumuamua. Here, we show that the mass budget in exo-Pluto planets necessary to explain the detection of ‘Oumuamua as a nitrogen iceberg chipped off from a planetary surface requires a mass of heavy elements exceeding the total quantity locked in stars with 95% confidence, making the scenario untenable because only a small fraction of the mass in stars ends in exo-Plutos.     

Map-matching algorithm for large-scale low-frequency floating car data

Large-scale global positioning system (GPS) positioning information of floating cars has been recognised as a major data source for many transportation applications. Mapping large-scale low-frequency floating car data (FCD) onto the road network is very challenging for traditional map-matching (MM) algorithms developed for in-vehicle navigation. In this paper, a multi-criteria dynamic programming map-matching (MDP-MM) algorithm is proposed for online matching FCD. In the proposed MDP-MM algorithm, the MDP technique is used to minimise the number of candidate routes maintained at each GPS point, while guaranteeing to determine the best matching route. In addition, several useful techniques are developed to improve running time of the shortest path calculation in the MM process. Case studies based on real FCD demonstrate the accuracy and computational performance of the MDP-MM algorithm. Results indicated that the MDP-MM algorithm is competitive with existing algorithms in both accuracy and computational performance.     

Unique identification of vector geographic objects by location and geometry

This article presents a method to uniquely identify vector geographic objects based on their spatial position and geometric characteristics. The method comprises three steps. First, a grid-based spatial indexing (Quadtree grid) is automatically generated according to location, shape and size of the geographic objects. This allows for a simple Quadtree grid generation (the level, row and column number) for every geographic object by three grid parameters (origin, start and end size). Second, a set of algorithms have been developed for extracting geometric characteristics (e.g. representative points, outline and orientation) of geographic objects corresponding to the grid. Third, a strategy for the unique identification of geographic objects is proposed in order to integrate the Quadtree grid and the geometric information. The application of the proposed method is presented in a case study conducted in Jiangsu Province, China. The experiment indicates that this method is more efficient than existing methods at positioning, searching and querying. The unique identifier is also shown to be useful as a technical method to support geographic information systems analytical applications, such as the matching, conflating and sharing of spatial objects.     

移动目标信息管理平台的设计与实现

移动目标信息管理平台是LBS(Location-Based Service)的重要组成部分，它在城市信息及物流系统中起着非常重要的作用。本文以移动目标信息管理为主线，在充分考虑当前各种移动目标信息管理平台所面临共性问题的基础上，结合实际平台的开发，对其关键技术进行了分析，并对系统平台进行了设计与实现。通过车辆物流管理系统实例的特点与运行效果分析，证明了本文提出的移动信息管理平台框架流程的可行性。     

三维复杂层状介质中多震相走时联合反演成像

采用新近提出的改进型不规则最短路径多次波射线追踪正演技术,结合共轭梯度法求解带约束的阻尼最小二乘最优化反演问题,讨论了三维复杂层状模型中利用多震相走时资料进行联合反演成像的技术方法.考虑到不同震相种类走时的拾取误差不同,反演算法中引入了不同震相种类数据的权系数;另外,考虑到同时反演速度模型和反射界面起伏中不同参数变化对...     

不规则区域面积的矩形四等分割计算法

如何对图纸上的区域面积进行计算,尤其是曲边不规则区域的面积计算,是一项基础工作。本文在详细分析了现有区域面积计算法的基础上,提出了一种应用于图纸上不规则区域的面积计算方法。应用本文提出的不规则区域面积的矩形四等分割计算法逐次将目标区域所在的矩形四等分割,直到满足精度阀值要求为止,将区域内所有有效值相加,得出区域总面积。...     

Trapping and dynamical evolution of interplanetary dust particles in Earth’s quasi-satellite resonance

We used numerical simulations to model the orbital evolution of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) evolving inward past Earth’s orbit under the influence of radiation pressure, Poynting–Robertson light drag (PR drag), solar wind drag, and gravitational perturbations from the planets. A series of β values (where β is the ratio of the force from radiation pressure to that of central gravity) were used ranging from 0.0025 up to 0.02. Assuming a composition consistent with astronomical silicate and a particle density of 2.5 g cm⁻³ these β values correspond to dust particle diameters ranging from 200 μm down to 25 μm. As the dust particle orbits decay past 1 AU between 4% (for β = 0.02, or 25 μm) and 40% (for β = 0.0025, or 200 μm) of the population became trapped in 1:1 co-orbital resonance with Earth. In addition to traditional horseshoe type co-orbitals, we found about a quarter of the co-orbital IDPs became trapped as so-called quasi-satellites. Quasi-satellite IDPs always remain relatively near to Earth (within 0.1–0.3 AU, or 10–30 Hill radii, R_H) and undergo two close-encounters with Earth each year. While resonant perturbations from Earth halt the decay in semi-major axis of quasi-satellite IDPs their orbital eccentricities continue to decrease under the influence of PR drag and solar wind drag, forcing the IDPs onto more Earth-like orbits. This has dramatic consequences for the relative velocity and distance of closest approach between Earth and the quasi-satellite IDPs. After 10⁴–10⁵ years in the quasi-satellite resonance dust particles are typically less than 10R_H from Earth and consistently coming within about 3R_H. In the late stages of evolution, as the dust particles are escaping the 1:1 resonance, quasi-satellite IDPs can have deep close-encounters with Earth significantly below R_H. Removing the effects of Earth’s gravitational acceleration reveals that encounter velocities (i.e., velocities “at infinity”) between quasi-satellite IDPs and Earth during these close-encounters are just a few hundred meters per second or slower, well below the average values of 2–4 km s⁻¹ for non-resonant Earth-crossing IDPs with similar initial orbits. These low encounter velocities lead to a factor of 10–100 increase in Earth’s gravitationally enhanced impact cross-section (σ_grav) for quasi-satellite IDPs compared to similar non-resonant IDPs. The enhancement in σ_grav between quasi-satellite IDPs and cometary Earth-crossing IDPs is even more pronounced, favoring accretion of quasi-satellite dust particles by a factor of 100–3000 over the cometary IDPs. This suggests that quasi-satellite dust particles may dominate the flux of large (25–200 μm) IDPs entering Earth’s atmosphere. Furthermore, because quasi-satellite trapping is known to be directly correlated with the host planet’s orbital eccentricity the accretion of quasi-satellite dust likely ebbs and flows on 10⁵ year time scales synchronized with Earth’s orbital evolution.     

基于三维激光扫描仪的三维文物模型的建立

三维激光扫描仪可以连续、自动、快速获取目标物表面的采样点数据。本文以文物为例,介绍三维激光扫描仪的工作原理,给出三维数据获取、数据处理、模型建立的基本方法和结果。探讨采用点云数据进行文物建模的方法。     

DEM内插方法的研究与分析

在调兵山地区,选择61个已知点作为起算数据,采用移动三角面法和双二次多项式曲面内插法建立该地区的DEM模型。经实验分析发现,移动三角面法建立的DEM内插中误差值要高于双二次多项式曲面内插中误差值,尤其在地势变化比较大的区城内插精度比较高,适合地形起伏变化较大区域的高程内插。双二次多项式曲面法建立的DEM在地势变化比较平缓的地区内插精度要高于移动三角面法,适合地形起伏较小地区的高程内插。