BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Hillslope Processes. Binghamton Symposia in Geomorphology International Series: 16. Athol D. Abrahams , ed. The Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean. The Diagram Group . The Cultural Atlas of Islam. Isma'il R. al Faruqi and Lois Lamaya'al Faruqi . Atlas of Israel Contemporary Africa: Development, Culture and the State. Morag Bell . Fundamentals of Physical Geography. David Briggs and Peter Smithson . The Bicentennial Census: New Directions for Methodology in 1990. Constance F. Citro and Michael L. Cohen , eds . World Patterns of Modern Urban Change: Essays in Honor of Chauncy D. Harris. Michael P. Conzen , ed . New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research: Neglected Dimensions and Emerging Alternatives. Kenneth A. Dahlberg , ed . Water Resources Atlas of Florida. E.A. Fernald and D.J. Patton , eds . Landscape Ecology. R.T.T. Forman and M. Godron . The Myth of the North American City: Continentalism Challenged. Michael Goldberg and John Mercer . The Permafrost Environment. Stuart A. Harris . Climate and Circulation of the Tropics. Stefan Hastenrath . The Island of South Georgia. Robert Headland . The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950. Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees . Bombay in Transition: The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1889–1980. Meera Kosambi . Plant Closings; Public or Private Choices? Richard B. McKenzie , ed . Malaysia: Tradition, Modernity and Islam. R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy . Technology on the Frontier: Mining in Old Ontario. Dianne Newell . The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World. J.R.V. Prescott . Tall Office Buildings in the United States. James W. Pygman and Richard Kateley (Real Estate Research Corporation). Technology, Regions, and Policy. John Rees , ed . The United States and the Regional Organization of Asia and the Pacific: 1965-1985. W.W. Rostow . Renewable Energy: Progress, Prospects. Stephen W. Sawyer Wisconsin Foundations. Gwen Schultz . Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World. David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer , eds . Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context. Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F.J. Artibise , eds . Small Firms in Regional Economic Development: Britain, Ireland and the United States. D. J. Storey , ed . Mathematical Methods in Human Geography and Planning. A. G. Wilson and R. J. Bennett . El Niño North: Niño Effects on the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. W. S. Wooster and D. L. Fluharty , eds . The Soviet Iron and Steel Industry. Craig ZumBrunnen and Jeffrey Osleeb .     

青海共和盆地土壤风蚀的137Cs法研究(Ⅱ)——137Cs背景值与风蚀速率测定

通过对高寒草原背景值样点(RS7)的分析,将共和盆地的¹³⁷Cs背景值含量确定为(2691.78±196.08) Bq·m^-2,基本接近北半球¹³⁷Cs背景值的平均水平,其¹³⁷Cs剖面满足尖峰分布函数,与公认的理论分布(即负指数分布)相比,呈现出峰值下移和曲线趋平的现象,可能与近几十年来¹³⁷Cs的稳定下渗有关。应用¹³⁷Cs背景值剖面分布函数,建立了风蚀速率的¹³⁷Cs估算模型,估算出四个样方的土壤风蚀速率,并由此转化为区域风蚀速率,计算出共和盆地区域土壤风蚀速率为12.556 t·hm^-2·a^-1,通过蚀积平衡检验,其误差水平小于10%。并分析了风蚀物的输出途径及其所占比例。     

1:5万基础地理信息综合判调更新系统的设计与实现

针对“十一五”我国1∶5万基础地理信息更新的任务需求,研究了基于影像综合判调的一体化更新作业模式,并设计开发了1∶5万基础地理信息综合判调更新软件系统。目前,该软件已应用于我国1∶5万地理信息更新工程,有效地提高了更新生产的效率,控制了作业质量、降低了作业成本,为我国1∶5万基础地理信息综合判调更新提供了高效的作业平台,也为1∶1万甚至大比例尺的数据更新提供了很好的借鉴。     

一种高效的基于交叉梯度结构约束的三维地震走时与直流电阻率联合反演策略

基于交叉梯度结构约束的不同数据的联合反演可以提高地球物理成像的可靠度,但是由于不同观测数据对地下介质的灵敏度不同以及不同反演系统灵敏度矩阵元素的数值可能存在较大的差异,导致构建和求解联合反演系统存在很大的挑战.针对以上问题,本文提出一种新的基于单独反演模型更新量与交叉梯度结构约束相结合的联合反演策略.该策略利用单独反演系统分别确定出各个模型的更新量,然后利用它们约束交叉梯度系统的反演,得出新的模型更新量.通过这样的方式,有效实现了数据拟合与结构约束的平衡,实现了基于交叉梯度联合反演的目标.新的联合反演策略不需要对原来单独反演程序修改即可实现联合反演,减小了联合反演实现的难度,极大地提高了联合反演的易实现性,而且避免了联合反演矩阵存储及结构过于复杂难以求解的问题.基于新的策略,本文首次实现了基于交叉梯度结构约束的三维地震走时与直流电阻率联合反演.合成模型测试表明,与单一成像相比,联合成像减少了地震走时反演中出现的干扰异常并提高了电阻率反演的分辨率.

     

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基态修正的GIS数据库增量更新建模

为了对GIS数据库增量更新中的增量信息、版本数据库进行组织和管理,本文采用基态修正模型,将版本数据作为基态、版本数据对应的增量信息作为修正,分别设计了其存储的数据结构,并给出了基于该模型的增量更新流程。以1∶2000地形图数据的增量更新为例,开发了空间数据库增量更新原型系统,实现了多个增量信息文件的组织存储、快速集成到历史数据中,能够满足GIS数据库增量更新的需求。     

澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制经验及对我国的借鉴意义

通过对澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制的分析,介绍了澳大利亚清单编制的研究框架、组织管理形式,在此基础上提出了健全我国清单编制管理机构、建立稳定畅通的数据来源渠道、逐步开展企业联网直报等建议。这些工作将有助于促使我国清单编制工作逐步常规化和标准化,及时为政策研究和决策制定提供基础数据并积极应对可能面临着递交频率增加和接受国际磋商和分析的挑战。     

A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle

Using a three-dimensional (3-D) transport model of the troposphere, we calculated the global distributions of ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ ), taking into account removal of NH₃ on acidic aerosols, in liquid water clouds and by reaction with OH. Our estimated global 10°×10° NH₃ emission inventory of 45 Tg N-NH₃ yr^– provides a reasonable agreement between calculated wet NH ₄ ⁺ deposition and measurements and of measured and modeled NH ₄ ⁺ in aerosols, although in Africa and Asia especially discrepancies exist.NH₃ emissions from natural continental ecosystems were calculated applying a canopy compensation point and oceanic NH₃ emissions were related to those of DMS (dimethylsulfide). In many regions of the earth, the pH found in rain and cloud water can be attributed to acidity derived from NO, SO₂ and DMS emissions and alkalinity from NH₃. In the remote lower troposphere, sulfate aerosols are calculated to be almost neutralized to ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄, whereas in the middle and upper troposphere, according to our calculations, the aerosol should be more acidic, as a result of the oxidation of DMS and SO₂ throughout the troposphere and removal of NH₃ on acidic aerosols at lower heights. Although the removal of NH₃ by reaction with the OH radical is relatively slow, the intermediate NH₂ radical can provide a substantial annual N₂O source of 0.9 _–0.4 ^+0.9 Tg, thus contributing byca. 5% to estimated global N₂O production. The oxidation by OH of NH₃ from anthropogenic sources accounts for 10% of the estimated total anthropogenic sources of N₂O. This source was not accounted for in previous studies, and is mainly located in the tropics, which have high NH₃ and OH concentrations. Biomass burning plumes, containing high NO _x and NH₃ concentrations provide favourable conditions for gas phase N₂O production. This source is probably underestimated in this model study, due to the coarse resolution of the 3-D model, and the rather low biomass burning NH₃ and NO _x emissions adopted. The estimate depends heavily on poorly known concentrations of NH₃ (and NO _x ) in the tropics, and uncertainties in the rate constants of the reactions NH₂ + NO₂ N₂O + H₂O (R4), and NH₂ + O₃ NH₂O + O₂ (R7).     

国家1∶50000更新数据质量特性与检验

针对国家1∶50000数据库更新工程DLG产品的质量特性与检查内容,根据行业标准规定的质量元素和质量评定方法,通过1∶50000成果数据质量评定实践,分析影响1∶10000DLG数据缩编更新1∶50000DLG数据成果质量的主要因素。     

基于ERP库存管理系统的实施评价方法

研究基于ERP库存管理系统实施评价指标权重的层次分析法与其信息的模糊处理,建立库存管理系统模糊综合评价的数学模型,并通过应用实例验证层次分析法与模糊综合评价相结合的库存系统实施评价方法的合理性和可靠性.