一二年生植物在坝上沙质退耕地上的引种筛选

一二年生植物引种成功的种源区域范围及科属范围都较多年生植物广，而对土壤基质、水分、人为活动等具体生境差异反应明显。最佳的引种植物有临夏燕麦、丹麦４４４燕麦、黑圆箭舌豌豆、３３３Ａ箭舌豌豆及Ｐｈａｌａｒｉｓ属的几个种等。     

辽宁核电站温坨子厂址设计墓准地面运动SL_2和SL_1的确定

本文在综合厂址及区域地震地质资料的基础上，采用地震构造法、综合概率法和最大历史地震法分别计算了辽宁核电站温坨子厂址的极限安全地震动（ＳＬ２），计算结果分别是１７７ｃｍ／ｓ２，１７５ｃｍ／ｓ２和８９ｃｍ／ｓ２，取其中的最大值１７７ｃｍ／ｓ２。为安全起见，建议将ＳＬ２取值２００ｃｍ／ｓ２。运行安全地震动（ＳＬ１）按５０年０．１超越概率和ＳＬ２／２选取，采用两者的较大值，确定为１００ｃｍ／ｓ２。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析某阻燃剂生产厂周边淡水鱼中的多溴联苯醚及其累积特征

近年来多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的研究集中在电子行业发达地区、电子废物处置区、塑料制品生产区等重点污染区域。对阻燃剂生产厂周边PBDEs的研究有助于更好地理解PBDEs的累积特征和环境过程。本文选择江苏某PBDEs生产厂周边的淡水河流,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析该河流5种淡水鱼中13种PBDEs同族体的浓度。结果显示,淡水鱼样品肌肉、肝脏和鱼卵组织中∑_(13)PBDEs(BDE17、28、71、47、66、100、99、85、154、153、138、183、190)的浓度平均值分别为34.5 ng/g.lip、41.5 ng/g.lip和18.2 ng/g.lip。研究水域不同种类淡水鱼的食性、习性和代谢能力等是影响鱼体中PBDEs浓度的主要因素。鱼体中BDE47是主要的同族体,但是与大多数已报道的研究数据相比,鱼体中含有的六溴(BDE153、154)和七溴同族体(BDE183)比例较高,这与河流附近工厂生产八溴联苯醚工业品(以六溴、七溴和八溴同族体为主)相符。工厂生产的八溴联苯醚工业品以及河流上游径流带来的其他区域生产和使用的多溴联苯醚工业品释放到环境中,被河流中的淡水鱼类选择性地积累和代谢,形成了本研究区淡水鱼体中PBDEs特殊的同族体分布。     

允饲植物源复方制剂对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)组织形态和生长性能的作用研究

为了进一步评估由白芍(Radix paeoniae Alba)、杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)和知母(Rhizoma anemarrhenae)组成且具有免疫增强作用的复方制剂A、B、C对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)组织形态和生长性能方面可能存在的风险,本试验将二龄草鱼随机分成12个试验组和2个对照组,分别连续投喂含有不同复方制剂的饲料和空白饲料,在试验第7、14、21、28天分别随机从对应试验组中采集5尾草鱼肝胰脏、脾脏、肾脏和肠道进行切片制作和组织形态分析;在试验第0、29天分别随机从对应试验组中采集10尾草鱼进行肥满度、增重率、特定生长率、脏体比和肠道承重力测定。结果表明,分别以2%、4%剂量添加于草鱼饲料中的复方制剂A、B、C对试验草鱼阶段增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、肝胰体比、肾体比和肠道承重力系列指标均无异常影响。组织形态分析方面,复方制剂A对草鱼肝胰脏、脾脏、肾脏和肠道具有良好的安全性,而复方制剂B、C经连续投喂21天起,对应剂量组草鱼肝胰脏、肾脏逐渐呈现不同程度的组织病变。本文得出结论认为,即使完全符合允饲要求的天然植物品种,缺乏基于较全面的评价维度试验证明其具有使用安全性,则容易仅关注允饲天然植物在效果表达的表象,而忽略其诱发的组织病变造成组织器官的功能衰退。     

Impact of seawater temperature on growth and recruitment of invasive fouling species at the global scale

Epibenthic fouling communities are dominated by invasive species that are globally distributed and can have substantial ecological and economic impacts in coastal habitats. Little is known about inter‐specific differences in life history strategies that cosmopolitan invasive species employ to acquire space and succeed in invaded habitats. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of seawater temperature on recruitment and growth of several cosmopolitan fouling species including the tunicates Botrylloides violaceus, Botryllus schlosseri and Diplosoma listerianum, as well as the bryozoans Bugula neritina and Watersipora subtorquata. To do this, the iBARGE (Invasive Bryozoan and Ascidian Recruitment and Growth Experiment) program was developed, utilizing a global network of collaborators to examine patterns over a broad geographic scale and a wide range of naturally varying seawater temperatures. This project produced a data set of thousands of photographs from 18 marinas in five countries in summer 2014 and 2015, allowing for recruitment and growth to be tabulated at a variety of temperatures. Thermal growth curves were established for five invasive species, and growth was compared among temperatures across sites, revealing a significant thermal effect. Recruitment was linked to temperature, with generally higher recruitment at warmer seawater temperatures and the highest peak recruitment values for the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Temperature also changed the relative importance of growth and recruitment for several species. These results paint a complex picture of the interactions among invasive fouling species as they relate to seawater temperature.     

Recommendations for developing and applying genetic tools to assess and manage biological invasions in marine ecosystems

The European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to adopt integrated ecosystem management approaches to achieve or maintain “Good Environmental Status” for marine waters, habitats and resources, including mitigation of the negative effects of non-indigenous species (NIS). The Directive further seeks to promote broadly standardized monitoring efforts and assessment of temporal trends in marine ecosystem condition, incorporating metrics describing the distribution and impacts of NIS. Accomplishing these goals will require application of advanced tools for NIS surveillance and risk assessment, particularly given known challenges associated with surveying and monitoring with traditional methods. In the past decade, a host of methods based on nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) analysis have been developed or advanced that promise to dramatically enhance capacity in assessing and managing NIS. However, ensuring that these rapidly evolving approaches remain accessible and responsive to the needs of resource managers remains a challenge. This paper provides recommendations for future development of these genetic tools for assessment and management of NIS in marine systems, within the context of the explicit requirements of the MSFD. Issues considered include technological innovation, methodological standardization, data sharing and collaboration, and the critical importance of shared foundational resources, particularly integrated taxonomic expertise. Though the recommendations offered here are not exhaustive, they provide a basis for future intentional (and international) collaborative development of a genetic toolkit for NIS research, capable of fulfilling the immediate and long term goals of marine ecosystem and resource conservation.     

Reassessing the invasion of South African waters by the European shore-crab Carcinus maenas

The European shore-crab Carcinus maenas has been present in South Africa since 1983. Despite this species’ international reputation as a biological invader, its distribution in this region has only been considered by three outdated ‘snapshot surveys.’ The present study is the most comprehensive to date, providing an update on the species’ range and the first temporal assessment of its abundance and demographics. Along South Africa's Cape Peninsula and surrounding areas, C. maenas was absent from 12 intertidal sites surveyed, except for Sea Point, and no crabs were found during subtidal surveys along the open coastline. Subtidal harbour populations were recorded in the Cape Town harbours of Table Bay and Hout Bay (previously estimated as comprising approximately 164 200 and 6 500 individuals, respectively). Table Bay was surveyed monthly for one year, using baited traps, crab condos and postlarvae settlement collectors, to assess size distributions and reproductive seasonality of the crab. Reproductive females were recorded throughout most of the year. These results suggest that the harbour populations could be targeted by control programmes, but provide no strong evidence to support the initiation of management action during a particular season. The lack of detection of postlarval settlement, even among well-established populations, suggests this will not be a useful monitoring tool for detecting incursions.     

钢厂周边污染土壤的电性与磁性特征及其环境意义

利用直流电测深、环境磁学以及矿物学方法,开展对一钢铁厂周边土壤的污染评价研究,获得了土壤垂向电阻率与磁化率分布特征。研究表明,随着污染土剖面的深度由底部至地表,土壤电阻率逐渐减小,磁化率和重金属含量反而增高;该变化特征反映了土壤受污染的程度与钢铁公司历年粗钢产量及武汉市历年汽车保有量的变化程度相对应。通过对污染样品的磁滞回线、热磁曲线和SEM/EDX等矿物学分析,污染样品的矿物成分以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,以准单畴(PSD)颗粒存在,形貌特征和物质成分与成土过程中形成的磁性颗粒明显不同。由于土壤的电性与磁性都具有良好的污染程度指示作用,所以土壤的电性与磁性研究可以应用于土壤污染程度的评价,两者联合运用可大大提高土壤污染程度评价的分辨率。     

An analysis of oasis evolution based on land use and land cover change: A case study in the Sangong River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains

This study investigated oasis evolution and the changes of peripheral desert in the Sangong River Basin since the 1950s by rebuilding seven land cover maps derived from black-and-white aerial photographs (1958, 1968, and 1978), a color-infrared aerial photograph (1987), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery (1998), Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) imagery (2004), and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery (2014). The results showed that: (1) Since 1950, the oasis consecutively expanded more than four times from an alluvial fan to an alluvial plain, causing the shrinkage of desert landscapes that were dominated by a Haloxylon ammodendron Bunge community (HBC) and a Tamarix chinensis Lour community (TLC). Furthermore, the primary (1958–1968) and final (2004–2014) stages were the most important periods, during which agricultural land experienced the most rapid expansion during the period 1958–1968, and the built-up area showed the most rapid expansion after the 2000s. (2) Two basic management modes, a “local mode” formed by the local governments and a “farm management mode” developed by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, together promoted oasis evolution under various land-use and landcover (LULC) stages. (3) The evolution of the modern oasis during the 1950s–2004 showed the general features of an arid oasis, while during the period of 2004–2014 it was characterized by a large-scale inter-basin water diversion or the import of new water sources. (4) The oasis expanded at the expense of desert vegetation, resulting in distinct variation in the structure of the desert plant community, which will make it more difficult to protect the desert ecosystem.     

塔里木河下游典型荒漠河岸植物水分来源

通过对塔里木河下游典型荒漠植物河岸胡杨（Populus euphratica,成年和幼龄）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）、骆驼刺（Alhagi sparfolia）木质部水及不同潜在水源的稳定性氧同位素值的测定,并利用多源线性混合模型（IsoSource）和相似性比例指数（PS指数）分别分析了各潜在水源对不同植物的贡献率以及各月份不同植物间的水分利用关系。结果表明：（1）在塔里木河下游,成年胡杨、幼龄胡杨、柽柳几乎都不利用0~50 cm的表层土壤水,而主要利用200 cm以下的深层土壤水和地下水,而甘草、骆驼刺主要吸收50~200 cm的土壤水。（2）在生长季的不同月份里,除个别月份外,胡杨（成年和幼龄）、柽柳之间存在激烈水分竞争;甘草、骆驼刺在生长旺季和末期对各水源都存在较强的竞争关系,而成年或幼龄胡杨、柽柳和甘草、骆驼刺之间水分竞争关系较弱。（3）在塔里木河下游,为了适应极端干旱,无论是乔木胡杨、还是灌木柽柳,水分来源主要是较稳定的深层水源,且对各水源的利用比例在不同月份波动不大。