Groundwater Flow Simulation and its Application in Groundwater Resource Evaluation in the North China Plain,China

The purpose of this study is to establish a 3D groundwater flow modelling for evaluating groundwater resources of the North China Plain.First,the North China Plain was divided into three aquifers vertically through a characterization of hydrogeological conditions.Groundwater model software GMS was used for modeling to divide the area of simulation into a regular network of 164 rows and 148 lines.This model was verified through fitting of the observed and the simulated groundwater flow fields at deep and shallow layers and comparison between the observed and simulated hydrographs at 64 typical observation wells.Furthermore,water budget analysis was also performed during the simulation period(2002-2003).Results of the established groundwater flow model showed that the average annual groundwater recharge of the North China Plain during 1991 to 2003 was 256.68×10~8 m~3/yr with safe yield of groundwater resources up to 213.49×10~8 m~3/yr,in which safe yield of shallow groundwater and that of deep groundwater was up to 191.65×10~8 m~3/yr and 22.64×10~8 m~3/yr respectively.Finally,this model was integrated with proposal for groundwater withdrawal in the study area after commencement of water supply by South-North Water Transfer Project,aiming to predict the changing trend of groundwater regime.As indicated by prediction results,South-North Water Transfer Project,which is favorable for effective control of expansion and intensification of existing depression cone,would play a positive role in alleviation of short supply of groundwater in the North China Plain as well as maintenance and protection of groundwater.     

基于岩体流变性的矿井防突岩柱临界安全厚度计算方法

矿井巷道在穿越含瓦斯断层或揭煤掘进过程中常常遇到前方岩柱保护厚度与延期突出问题。为了探索岩柱防突厚 度与时间的非线性耦合关系,应用RLW-2000型岩石三轴流变仪,对含煤岩系中的砂质泥岩、砂岩和泥岩进行了分级加载条件下的单轴压缩蠕变试验。通过对经典流变组合模型的分析及Matlab最小二乘迭代法的拟合,建立了改进的的七元件非线性黏弹塑性本构模型,并建立了基于岩体流变性的岩柱临界安全厚度的计算模型。豫西大平煤矿实例计算表明,埋深612 m的泥岩巷道,防突岩柱使用年限在10、20、30 a时相应的保护厚度分别为8.73、23.56、39.41 m;理论安全岩柱厚度与该矿“10 ? 20”瓦斯突出案例较为吻合,计算模型对同类工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

近40年温州双季晚稻安全齐穗期变化

依据温州全市各县(市)气象站自建站以来的逐日日平均气温,分别计算了各站的逐年22℃稳定通过终日,分析了各站该日期的变化特点,确定其变化趋势。运用SPSS(Statistical Product and Service Solution)软件对各站的变化进行显著性检验,判断其变化是由于样本的抽样误差造成还是总体的期望值确实发生了变化。基于温州各站历年的22℃稳定通过终日变化特点,分两个时间段进行讨论,分别计算具有显著性变化站点1990年前后两段时期内的80%保证率22℃稳定通过终日,以此为依据确定当地双季晚稻安全齐穗期的变化,进而计算双季晚稻安全齐穗期的可推迟天数,提出播种期安排建议,从而为更好地利用气候资源,提高当地农田利用效率提供客观依据。     

层理性地层钻井稳定性分析模型

针对钻井工程常遇的层理性地层,以应力张量坐标转换关系和井孔应力集中方程为基础,引入弱面剪切滑动和岩体Mogi-Coulomb双强度准则,建立了分析层理性地层井壁稳定性的模型。对含层理弱面的典型油气储层中钻井的合理钻井液密度和安全钻井方向进行研究,结果表明：层理面的存在加剧了井壁围岩的破坏,且改变了围岩破坏的位置;水平井坍塌压力随着钻井方向变化而连续性变化,其在特定钻井方向取得最小坍塌压力;斜井取得最小坍塌压力的方位与层理面在空间中并不垂直,空间中关于主平面对称的斜井破裂压力相同;既可获得较大钻井液安全压力窗口又可取得较小坍塌压力的方向为优选钻井方向,在钻井液压力窗口变化大的倾向上钻井需严格控制钻井轨迹曲线。     

临近边坡的条形基础地基极限承载力数值分析

建筑物或构筑物基础临近边坡置放的情况在实际工程中十分普遍,但目前对于临近边坡基础的地基承载力及破坏模式尚缺乏深入研究。采用不连续布局优化（DLO）极限分析法建立数值模型,分析边坡几何尺寸、土体参数和基础位置对临坡条形基础的极限承载力和边坡破坏模式的影响,并对国内外现行规范推荐的计算方法进行评价。结果表明：极限承载力随边坡高度和边坡倾斜角的增大而减小,当坡高超过临界高度后,极限承载力将不受其影响;极限承载力随土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大而提高,滑动面随黏聚力的增大而变浅,随内摩擦角的增大而变深;极限承载力随基础与坡肩相对距离的增大而提高,当基础置放位置超过某临界距离后极限承载力不受边坡影响。在土体强度高、坡角较大时,《建筑地基基础设计规范》规定的临坡基础最小置放距离偏于危险,设计时仍需考虑边坡对承载力的减损作用;在土体强度较低、坡角较小时,规范规定值偏于保守。美国AASHTO规范对边坡地基极限承载力的取值在砂土边坡时较为可靠,但其仅适用于坡面破坏模式的情况;饱和黏土边坡的承载力曲线有悖于理论解,对临界距离的规定同样存在低估。     

宁夏地区深厚湿陷性黄土地基处理方案研究

宁夏南部地区湿陷性黄土厚度较大,湿陷性系数较大,压缩性高,相应地地基处理难度大,费用高,尤以该地区的低层建筑物地基处理安全性和经济性两者矛盾最为突出,已成为制约该地区开发建设的一大阻碍因素。针对此问题,采用经验总结和专家论证的研究方法,提出采用垫层法部分消除湿陷性,同时采取严格防水措施和结构措施的综合处理方案,以科学、安全、经济和适用为宗旨,经该地区采用此地基处理方案的工程实践证明,此方案能够很好地解决该地区低层建筑物地基处理中安全和经济两者的巨大矛盾,使两者达到协调统一。     

滞洪区安全滞洪GIS管理剖析

通过对滞洪区安全滞洪的系统分析,提出了应用GIS进行滞洪区安全管理的总体思路,对安全滞洪涉及到的关键性技术进行了探讨,给出了包括数据库建设、安全撤离及财产损失分析等问题的具体解决方案,为滞洪区的安全管理和指挥决策提供了新的思路。     

太原西峪煤矿9号煤层带压开采危安区的划分

西峪煤矿位于太原西山岩水系统的晋祠岩溶水亚系统内的非主径流带上，由于本矿区9号煤层除最南端有小部分9号煤层底板高于水头外，其余全部处于水头之下，因此，奥陶系灰岩水已严重地威胁着9号煤层的安全开采，特别是在底板隔水岩柱薄弱地带或断裂陷落柱构造破碎带，已存在着岩溶水突破隔水岩柱溃入矿坑的危险性，本文着重研究并划分了矿区9号煤层带压开采的安全区与危险区，目的是为煤矿带压开采提矿坑的危险性，本文着重研究并划分了矿区的9号煤层带压开采的安全区与危险区，目的是为煤矿带压开采提供宝贵的资料。     

固体废物安全填埋场选址技术方法研究

笔者根据参加国家“八五”科技攻关项目的示范工程“无锡工业有害废物安全填埋场”的选址工作，提出选址工作的技术方法和应进行的１０大技术环节，并给出选址技术方法流程和填埋场工程主要技术工艺流程图，这些研究成果将会促进安全填埋场选址技术的发展和环保工程的实施应用。     

Sustainable groundwater management in Kinmen Island

Kinmen county is located in the southwest of Fujen province, China. It comprises Kinmen, Leiyu and other small islands. Its total area is around 150 km². Kinmen is the largest island, and 95% of the population resides there. The average annual precipitation is 1072 mm. Rainfall is concentrated in a 5 month period from mid‐April to mid‐September. Water resources are limited relative to demand. Eastern Kinmen utilizes surface water, whereas western Kinmen uses groundwater. Moreover, the Kinmen sorghum liquor is brewed using the native groundwater in the west of the island. MODFLOW‐96 was used to simulate the groundwater distribution and determine the annual amount of infiltration, pumping, and boundary inflow and outflow. Additionally, a groundwater management index was adopted to evaluate the status of groundwater level change, thus allowing local government officials to adjust the pumping scheme dynamically. To achieve a sustainable groundwater supply in Kinmen, an integrated groundwater extraction plan was proposed. This plan includes enhancing the infiltration by using treated wastewater from the east of the island, monitoring the groundwater level change, adjusting the groundwater pumping scheme, and constructing seawater desalination plants. If the hostile confrontation between Taiwan and mainland China is resolved, then the water supply through an undersea pipeline from Sharmen, China, to Kinmen can be another potential source of water for Kinmen in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.