贵州平坝白云岩风化壳稀土超常富集层中稀土赋存状态的研究

以平坝白云岩风化壳剖面为例,主要利用化学连续提取的方法,结合透射电镜的分析,对碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面附近的稀土超常富集层中REE的赋存状态进行了研究,获得了REE在水溶态及可交换态(相态Ⅰ)、碳酸盐结合态及专性吸附态(相态Ⅱ)、非晶质氧化铁锰结合态(相态Ⅲ)、晶质氧化铁锰结合态(相态Ⅳ)、有机质及硫化物结合态(相态Ⅴ)和残渣态(相态Ⅵ)等6种相态的含量及变化规律.结果表明,REE在富集层中主要以专性吸附态、残渣态和有机态为主.风化前缘可溶态稀土所占比例较高,为稀土在风化壳中的迁移、转化提供可能;基岩中原生含磷稀土矿物的风化产生的稀土磷酸盐矿物的聚集导致了残渣态稀土大量存在于风化前缘;此外,由于风化淋溶的不断进行,可溶态的REE在高的pH值条件与剖面中的有机质、铁锰氧化物和粘土矿物共同作用下沉淀、富集,也导致了风化前缘稀土的超常富集.     

Experimental study of a hybrid platform for high‐tech equipment protection against earthquake and microvibration

This paper presents an experimental study to explore the possibility of using a hybrid platform to ensure the functionality of high‐tech equipment against microvibration and to protect high‐tech equipment from damage when an earthquake occurs. A three‐storey building model and a hybrid platform model were designed and manufactured. The two‐layer hybrid platform, on which the high‐tech equipment is placed, was installed on the first floor of the building to work as a passive platform aiming at abating acceleration response of the equipment during an earthquake and functioning as an actively controlled platform that intends to reduce velocity response of the equipment under a normal working condition. For the hybrid platform working as a passive platform, it was designed in such a way that its stiffness and damping ratio could be changed, whereas for the hybrid platform functioning as an active platform, a piezoelectric actuator with a sub‐optimal velocity feedback control algorithm was used. A series of shaking table tests, traffic‐induced vibration tests and impact tests were performed on the building with and without the platform to examine the performance of the hybrid platform. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid platform is feasible and effective for high‐tech equipment protection against earthquake and microvibration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Output‐only structural identification in time domain: Numerical and experimental studies

By identifying changes in stiffness parameters, structural damage can be detected and monitored. Although considerable progress has been made in this research area, many challenges remain in achieving robust structural identification based on incomplete and noisy measurement signals. The identification task is made even more difficult if measurement of input force is to be eliminated. To this end, an output‐only structural identification strategy is proposed to identify unknown stiffness and damping parameters. A non‐classical approach based on genetic algorithms (GAs) is adopted. The proposed strategy makes use of the recently developed GA‐based method of search space reduction, which has shown to be able to accurately and reliably identify structural parameters from measured input and output signals. By modifying the numerical integration scheme, input can be computed as the parameter identification task is in progress, thereby eliminating the need to measure forces. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate the power of the strategy in accurate and efficient identification of structural parameters and damage using only incomplete acceleration measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vesiculation and crystallization under instantaneous decompression: Numerical study and comparison with laboratory experiments

Vesiculation and crystallization in ascending magmas are key processes that control the eruption behavior, and they interplay each other through the water exsolution process. We conducted a numerical study in order to quantitatively understand the water exsolution and crystallization processes in natural eruptions (decompression history is unknown) and in laboratory experiments (the amount of decompression is constant with time). The numerical results, which take into account homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation and growth of bubbles with varying diffusivity of water, viscosity, and the amount of decompression, provide a quantitative understanding of their control on bubble formation and water exsolution in the constant amount of decompression. The bubble nucleation in the homogeneous nucleation can be divided into two regimes – the diffusion control regime and viscosity control regime – depending on the modified Peclet number and the effective supersaturation. In the cases of both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleations, the bubble growth is controlled by diffusion or viscosity, depending on the modified Peclet number and bubble number density. The water exsolution rate, which is controlled by the modified Peclet number in the viscosity control regime and by the bubble number density and diffusive driving force in the diffusion control regime, acts as an effective cooling rate in a decompression-induced crystallization process. A comparison of the numerical results with the results of laboratory experiments suggests that water exsolution proceeds by the diffusion-limited growth of bubbles under disequilibrium vesiculation through the heterogeneous nucleation of bubbles, and this in turn controls the crystallization kinetics of microlite with the homogeneous nucleation of microlite and the diffusion-limited growth of crystal. The several orders of variation of microlite number density with the amount of decompression in laboratory experiments can be interpreted as the effect of the amount of decompression on the driving force for the diffusive bubble growth that controls the water exsolution rate.     

上部结构与地基相对刚度比对土-结构体系基频影响试验研究

本文进行了室内刚性地基上和土槽中1:4钢框架模型的顶部牵引释放试验。对采集的信号进行频谱分析,得到不同刚度时刚性地基上钢框架模型的基频和土槽中土-结构体系的基频。比较钢框架在土槽中的基频和在刚性地基上的基频,发现土-结构动力相互作用(SSI)使土-结构体系基频降低,基频折减率最大为29.37%,且基频折减率与上部结构与地基相对刚度比有关,相对刚度比越大,折减率越大。根据试验结果得出钢框架模型基频折减率随上部结构与地基相对刚度比变化拟合公式。本文试验结果还表明即使在Ⅱ类场地上的结构,当上部结构与地基刚度比较大时有必要考虑土-结构动力相互作用。     

Characteristics of isolated hybrid tremor (HBT) during a calm activity period at Aso Volcano

Isolated-type tremors having two events with different dominant frequencies are characteristic seismological phenomena observed during the fumarolic activity stage at Aso Volcano. These isolated tremors are called hybrid tremors (HBT) and comprise two parts: an initial part named the “HF-part” with a dominant frequency in the high-frequency region (approximately 10 Hz) and the following part named the “LF-part” with a dominant frequency in the low-frequency region (approximately 2 Hz). The LF-part is observed after the HF-part, and the HBT is accompanied by a long-period tremor (LPT). Hypocenters and source parameters are estimated using seismograms recorded at 64 stations around Nakadake crater. The amplitude distributions of all HF-parts have almost similar trends. Similarly, the amplitude distributions of all LF-parts have almost similar trends. However, the amplitude distributions of HF- and LF-parts are not similar. From these results, we proposed that the hypocenters and source parameters of HF- and LF-parts are not common, but each of them have common hypocenters and source parameters. The hypocenter region of HF-parts was estimated to be just beneath the fumarole region south of the 1st crater: the volume fluctuation is the major source factor. The hypocenter region of LF-parts is estimated to be at a depth of approximately 300 m beneath the first crater: the strike–slip component is the major source parameter. The hypocentral depth of LF-parts is located at the upper end of the crack estimated to be the source of the LPTs. The LPTs and HBTs are observed almost simultaneously. We consider that volcanic fluid is involved in the source mechanisms of both HBT and LPT.     

Geochemical characteristics of pyrolysis gas from epimetamorphic rocks in the northern basement of Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Xushen gas field,located in the north of Songliao Basin,is a potential giant gas area for China in the future.Its proved reserves have exceeded 1000×10 8 m 3 by the end of 2005.But,the origin of natural gases from the deep strata is still in debating.Epimetamorphic rocks as a potential gas source are widely spreading in the northern basement of Songliao Basin.According to pyrolysis experiments for these rocks in the semi-confined system,gas production and geochemistry of alkane gases are discussed in this paper.The Carboniferous-Permian epimetamorphic rocks were heated from 300℃to 550℃,with temperature interval of 50℃.The gas production was quantified and measured for chemical and carbon isotopic compositions.Results show thatδ13C 1 is less than?20‰,carbon isotope trend of alkane gas isδ13C 1 <δ13C 2 <δ13C 3 orδ13C 1 <δ13C 2 >δ13C 3 ,these features suggest that the gas would be coal-type gas at high-over maturity,not be inorganic gas with reversal trend of gaseous alkanes (δ13C 1 >δ13C 2 >δ13C 3 ).These characteristics of carbon isotopes are similar with the natural gas from the basin basement,but disagree with gas from the Xingcheng reservoir.Thus,the mixing gases from the pyrolysis gas with coal-typed gases at high-over maturity or oil-typed gases do not cause the reversal trend of carbon isotopes.The gas generation intensity for epimetamorphic rocks is 3.0×10 8 ―23.8×10 8 m 3 /km 2 ,corresponding to Ro from 2.0%to 3.5%for organic matter.     

柱状节理开挖模拟洞数值原位试验

在西南水电大开发中,柱状节理岩体的工程力学性质逐渐受到水利工程的重视。白鹤滩水电站坝基揭露的柱状节理玄武岩体,RQD值普遍较低,完整性较差,其变形模量等力学指标相对较低,表现出显著的各向异性特征,对拱坝变形、坝肩稳定、边坡稳定、地下洞室群围岩稳定有重要影响,已成为该水电工程的关键技术问题之一。针对国内外对柱状节理岩体的研究及相关工程的经验甚少,白鹤滩水电站拟开展的大尺度柱状节理玄武岩试验洞,目的是获得反映柱状节理玄武岩力学特性的第一手观测资料。介绍了白鹤滩柱状节理的地质成因和工程特性及柱状节理试验洞的设计布置,探讨了原位试验和数值试验结合的分析方法,并采用各向异性本构模拟了试验洞开挖和原位试验,对不同位置试验点的代表性进行了评价。     

混凝土夯扩桩和土工格室加固铁路基床试验研究

为了考察半干硬性混凝土夯扩桩与土工格室联合作用加固既有线路基基床病害的效果,结合达成铁路k337段成都黏土（膨胀土）基床病害工点的整治,选取了3个测试断面,分别测试了经不同加固方案处理后的轨道平顺性与基床不同高度处在机车荷载作用下的动应力、振动变形和加速度等动力响应。试验表明,3个测试断面的动力作用水平均在合理的范围内,动力学指标均低于相关限值;行车速度对动应力、动位移、加速度都有不同程度的影响。其中,加速度随行车速度的提高而增大最为明显;线路的平顺性与稳定程度对线路及路基结构的动力学（动应力、振动变形、加速度）响应有显著影响。     

湿陷性黄土地基综合处理新技术的现场试验与效果分析

针对湿陷性黄土地区的铁路、公路路基及堤基浸水湿陷的工程问题,在业已提出的处理方法（IDITI）,即浅层阻水、浅层排水、浅层防水、封闭截水、深层导水的基础上,首先进行了湿陷性黄土地基处理的现场浸水试验。试验表明,浸水后探井不同深度采取土样的含水量变化小,IDITI法具有明显的阻水、排水效果。其次,用数值分析方法模拟了连续多日强降雨情况下经处理后地基的渗流场,围封处理范围内地基土体的含水量增长较小。验证了IDITI法抑制湿度增长,利用天然土承载能力,处理湿陷性黄土地基的可行性。