3D reconstruction from a single image using geometric constraints

Photogrammetry has many advantages as a technique for the acquisition of three-dimensional models for virtual reality. But the traditional photogrammetric process to extract 3D geometry from multiple images is often considered too labour-intensive. In this paper a method is presented with which a polyhedral object model can be efficiently derived from measurements in a single image combined with geometric knowledge on the object. Man-made objects can often be described by a polyhedral model and usually many geometric constraints are valid. These constraints are inferred during image interpretation or may even be extracted automatically. In this paper different types of geometric constraints and their use for object reconstruction are discussed. Applying more constraints than needed for reconstruction will lead to redundancy and thereby to the need for an adjustment. The redundancy is the basis for reliability that is introduced by testing for possible measurement errors. The adjusted observations are used for object reconstruction in a separate step. Of course the model that is obtained from a single image will not be complete, for instance due to occlusion. An arbitrary number of models can be combined using similarity transformations based on the coordinates of common points. The information gathered allows for a bundle adjustment if highest accuracy is strived for. In virtual reality applications this is generally not the case, as quality is mainly determined by visual perception. A visual aspect of major importance is the photo-realistic texture mapped to the faces of the object. This texture is extracted from the same (single) image. In this paper the measurement process, the different types of constraints, their adjustment and the object model reconstruction are treated. A practical application of the proposed method is discussed in which a texture mapped model of a historic building is constructed and the repeatability of the method is assessed. The application shows the feasibility of the method and the potential of photogrammetry as an efficient tool for the production of 3D models for virtual reality applications.     

影响碰撞造山成岩成矿模式的因素及其机制

基于分析陆内俯冲过程物质的活化迁移规律建立了碰撞造山成岩成矿模式,认为仰冲板片上依次出现热液矿床带、花岗岩基带和斑岩带。探讨了陆内俯冲的角度、速度、俯冲板片物质成分、地热梯度等因素对陆内俯冲成岩成矿模式空间分带模型的影响,推导了有关的变异形式,在充分显示碰撞造山成岩成矿模式之科学性和实用性的同时,为在碰撞造山带或陆内俯冲区进行实际找矿提供了理论参考。     

一种基于平面不等式约束法的北斗三频数据组合选取方法

GNSS现代化的标志之一是三频或多频数据的广泛使用,文中在研究北斗三频数据组合原理、优化选取准则的基础上,推导出一种基于平面不等式约束法的三频数据组合选取方法。该方法将长波长条件转化为组合系数的线性关系,将弱电离层条件转化为平面域,将低噪声条件转化为椭圆域,依此建立模型并给出模型的几何解释,最后应用该方法选取特性较优的北斗三频数据组合,并总结了一些组合系数的特点。结果证明,该方法组合系数选取效率大于枚举法等常规方法,从而为多频数据组合理论的研究提供参考。     

数学形态学与拓扑约束支持的单条河流骨架线提取

为解决当前遥感手段提取河流骨架线自动化程度不高、精度有限、易发生断裂等问题,提出一种基于数学形态学与拓扑约束理论的完整单条河流骨架线自动化提取方法。该法综合利用归一化水体指数(NDWI)和数学形态学方法提取遥感影像中的河流及河流初始骨架线;从河流初始骨架线二值图中获取断点,并自动计算膨胀系数,利用局部膨胀细化法进行连接;结合拓扑约束,利用初始骨架线对连接线进行去伪操作。结果表明,该方法能有效解决细小、易发生断裂的单条河流的完整骨架线自动提取的难题。     

多尺度变换中建筑群空间相似度计算模型

针对建筑群自动综合结果质量评价问题,该文提出一种建筑群多尺度表达中空间相似度计算模型。从地图综合质量评价的角度,立足地图综合的3个约束,即图形约束、拓扑约束、结构约束,分别计算了图形相似度、拓扑相似度、结构相似度,并对以上各相似度作了适当的权重分配,计算建筑群目标的整体相似度。最后,通过实验验证了本文相似度计算方法的正确性、可行性。     

Work practice among advanced producer service firms – project work in space-time

This article is an explorative investigation of a sample of advanced producer service (APS) companies located in Stockholm (the capital and main urban centre of Sweden). The discussion is centred on aspects of work practice and how this is conditioned by space-time constraints. These space-time constraints refer to coupling, authority and capability constraints which are concepts framed in a time-geography approach. Although time-geography is primarily engaged in mapping presence and locations in time-space, its concepts of constraints embrace physical, social and cultural factors. The article presents an empirical in-depth study of project work and work practice among a selection of APS companies. A micro-approach to work practice has been pursued using a multi-method strategy and time-geography methodology including time diaries, interviews and a questionnaire. The experiences among the investigated companies of time-geography constraints make the constant negotiations for the practice of work among these organizations intelligible. To the extent these investigated companies may be considered representative of advanced services more generally, the presence of pressing constraints helps to explain the more general structure of this industry of high labour turnover and rapid company re-structuring processes.     

基于邻近图的点群层次聚类方法的研究

空间聚类是点状空间目标群在地图综合中必须解决的问题。分析点群的几种常用邻近图的特征及其层次关系,并基于原始的点集合生成的DT构建相应的GG,UG,MST和NNG,然后在所选择的密度适应性约束、距离适应性约束和偏差适应性约束这三种条件下,利用所生成的邻近图进行了点群的层次聚类。研究并改进现有的点状空间目标群的无监督层次聚类方法,并通过实例验证该算法的可行性。     

Optimal Underground Extraction of Coal at Shallow Cover Beneath Surface/Subsurface Objects: Indian Practices

Summary  Considering ground instability problems of underground coal mines at shallow covers, this paper reviews and describes problems of optimal extraction of coal stuck below surface/subsurface constraints at Indian coal fields. Importance of thickness and quality of inter-burden between the working horizon and surface/subsurface constraints is discussed from a ground movement point of view during optimisation of coal recovery by underground mining beneath the constraints. A CIMFR, formerly CMRI idea, known as Wide Stall Method, was found suitable to overcome the limitations of non-effective-width based optimisation of recovery of coal, trapped in pillars below surface/subsurface objects, at shallow cover. The involved rock mechanics concept and three successful field trials of the Wide Stall Method under three different geo-mining conditions of the country are also briefly given in this paper. Author’s address: Rajendra Singh, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR, formerly CMRI), Barwa Road, Dhanbad, 826001 Jharkhand, India     

The effect of imposing ‘fractional abundance constraints’ onto the multilayer perceptron for sub-pixel land cover classification

To be physically interpretable, sub-pixel land cover fractions or abundances should fulfill two constraints, the Abundance Non-negativity Constraint (ANC) and the Abundance Sum-to-one Constraint (ASC). This paper focuses on the effect of imposing these constraints onto the MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) for a multi-class sub-pixel land cover classification of a time series of low resolution MODIS-images covering the northern part of Belgium. Two constraining modes were compared, (i) an in-training approach that uses ‘softmax’ as the transfer function in the MLP’s output layer and (ii) a post-training approach that linearly rescales the outputs of the unconstrained MLP. Our results demonstrate that the pixel-level prediction accuracy is markedly increased by the explicit enforcement, both in-training and post-training, of the ANC and the ASC. For aggregations of pixels (municipalities), the constrained perceptrons perform at least as well as their unconstrained counterparts. Although the difference in performance between the in-training and post-training approach is small, we recommend the former for integrating the fractional abundance constraints into MLPs meant for sub-pixel land cover estimation, regardless of the targeted level of spatial aggregation.     

内蒙东部及邻区晚石炭世—二叠纪构造古地理环境及演变

建立构造地层等时格架和不同构造地理单元地层的沉积相变序列,研究化石群落古生态学、生物建造发育和大地构造对环境的制约,将内蒙东部及邻区晚石炭世-二叠纪构造古地理环境及演变分为三个阶段。古亚洲洋阶段(晚石炭世—早二叠世)、兴-蒙海槽阶段(中二叠世)和兴-蒙张裂海槽阶段(晚二叠世)。区内该时期构造古地理环境始终受两条构造线控制,从南到北呈现三分性。索伦山-西拉沐伦断裂以南属华北板块,查干敖包-阿荣旗断裂以北属西伯利亚板块,两大板块之间先期为宽阔海洋,后期变窄成海槽,并夹有多个中间地块,如贺根山地块、索伦山地块、黄岗梁地块和佳木斯地块等。各地块在不同时期相互愈合并增生到板块边缘。林西地区晚二叠世晚期生物礁和海相化石的发现,马达屯期大规模火山喷发,及暴露在内蒙巴林右旗与吉林九台县的P\T角度不整合,均证明兴-蒙海槽在晚二叠世末期最终闭合,并区域褶皱隆起。