基于空间实体约束的空间聚类算法研究

空间实体的存在对空间聚类分析产生重要的影响,传统的空间聚类分析中没有考虑空间实体的约束作用,从而影响了聚类结果。本文在总结了以往的空间聚类算法的基础上,提出了一种改进的基于空间邻接关系的空间聚类算法,该算法将空间邻接关系和空间实体作为约束条件嵌入到整个聚类过程中,使得数据对象的归类受到"就近原则"和"约束条件"的双重限制。     

Spatial Relations between Classes as Integrity Constraints

The quality and integrity of spatial data is very important to support interoperability among different systems. To reach this aim integrity rules defined by the application play an important role (for example, constraints between object classes). In this article, we propose a methodology to define integrity constraints using user level spatial relations between classes of individuals. We will also provide mapping rules from user level relations to geometric level operators to allow the computation of relations. As a case study, we will define the constraints for the class of rivers and some of its specializations.     

Process and Contextual Factors Supporting Action-Oriented Learning: A Thematic Synthesis of Empirical Literature in Natural Resource Management

Despite a long-term focus on learning in natural resource management (NRM), it is still debated how learning supports sustainable real-world NRM practices. We offer a qualitative in-depth synthesis of selected scientific empirical literature (N?=?53), which explores factors affecting action-oriented learning. We inductively identify eight key process-based and contextual factors discussed in this literature. Three patterns emerge from our results. First, the literature discusses both facilitated participation and self-organized collaboration as dialogical spaces, which bridge interests and support constructive conflict management. Second, the literature suggests practice-based dialogs as those best able to facilitate action and puts a strong emphasis on experimentation. Finally, not emphasized in existing reviews and syntheses, we found multiple evidence about certain contextual factors affecting learning, including social-ecological crises, complexity, and power structures. Our review also points at important knowledge gaps, which can be used to advance the current research agenda about learning and NRM.     

遥感影像变化检测在地形图快速修测中的应用

首先介绍地形网修测中常规判读地物地貌发生变化的方法,以及将变化检测技术应用于地形图修测中的必要性;其次介绍变化检测的基本原理、发展历史、国内外对变化检测概念的不同定义以及变化检测技术的特点和应用范围;紧接着从地形图快速修测这一客观需要出发,简明扼要地叙述变化检测方法的选择、变化检测的一般过程、变化检测结果在地形图修测中的应用,并结合变化检测的精度评估公式分析将变化检测技术应用于地形图修测工作中的实际效率;最后展望变化检测技术在地形图快速修测中的应用前景。     

地图目标移位的面目标变形约束及其处理(英文)

The displacement operator is an important and still a hot topic in map generalization. In the generalization product, symbols must be unambiguous and easily perceived and readily understood, which makes space competition among features an important obstacle in the process of map objects displacement. Space conflict between objects, through propagation process, may be spread and more objects may drift into it. In order to maintain symbols equilibrium and spatial relationship between objects, some unimportant symbols or parts of symbols should be distorted under constraints according to visual graphic resolution thresholds to figure out space competition among map features. Three constraints including position, legibility and characteristics are important for the maintenance of symbols equilibrium and spatial relationship, which are discussed in this paper. The skeleton is introduced to represent area objects figure characteristic, in which an area object can be separated to parts hierarchically according to their importance in the construction. Then, the finite element method is applied to the map objects’ displacement and distortion, in which a strategy for the parameters of finite element method is discussed. Supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.40401050), the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Educational Committee (No.J50104), the Science Foundation of Shanghai Education Department (07ZZ09).     

The influence of boulder shape on the spatial distribution of crustose coralline algae (Corallinales,Rhodophyta)

Studies investigating the many ecologically and economically important species in benthic boulder habitats often use artificial boulders for determining species colonization. In some cases square‐edged blocks are used that are shaped much differently than the ovoid or ‘round’ boulders often occurring naturally. Here it was tested if the shape of boulders affects the distribution across the boulder surface of crustose coralline algae (CCA), a taxon that strongly influences ecological dynamics in this habitat. The distance that CCA extends from the edge of boulders toward the centre of the underside was measured, and it was found that CCA extended further underneath boulders that were round‐shaped compared with those that were block‐shaped, probably because of light reaching further underneath round boulders. This result shows how at least one important taxon can be affected by variation in the shape of these boulders. Hypotheses being tested that use artificial substrata to model naturally occurring boulders should be carried out only in places where the artificial and naturally occurring boulders match physically.     

Constraints on the age of Lake Nyos, Cameroon

The upper 40 m of Lake Nyos are retained by a weak natural dam which, if it were to fail, would not only devastate the area hit by the 1986 gas disaster but would also cause a serious flood to surge down the Katsina Ala into Nigeria. The age of the pyroclastic cone, of which the dam is the last remnant, is therefore of great practical importance to the people of the area. If the pyroclastic cone is only a few hundred years old, as some have suggested, then it is eroding away quickly and the dam must surely fail in the very near future. If, on the other hand, it is many thousands of years old, then there is less immediate cause for concern.The age of the pyroclastic cone can be constrained in three ways:(1) Two samples of basalt, one from the dam itself and one from a lava flow which post-dates the pyroclastic cone, have both yielded K–Ar ages in excess of 100,000 years.(2) Photographic evidence indicates that there has been no detectable change (>2 m) to the width of the dam since 1958. This constrains the average erosion rate and suggests that the pyroclastic cone is at least 4000 years old.(3) Cores from sediment deposited after the level of a small lake to the northeast of Lake Nyos was raised by a debris slide from the pyroclastic cone, contain no volcanic ash. A sample from the base of this sequence has yielded a radiocarbon age of 2700 years.The Lake Nyos dam must therefore be, at the very least, a few thousand years old and although its general stability must give serious cause for concern there is no reason to suspect that the rate at which it is currently eroding away is of itself sufficient to pose an immediate threat.     

Study on Unified Inter-Spherical Acting of Continental Collision of Tibet Plateau

STUDY ON UNIFIED INTER-SPHERICAL ACTING OF CONTINENTAL COLLISION OF TIBET PLATEAU     

Determination of the Concentration of Carbonic Species in Natural Waters: Results from a World‐Wide Proficiency Test

The results of an international interlaboratory proficiency test for the determination of carbonic species are presented. Eight laboratories analysed twelve water samples (four synthetic waters, one lake water, four geothermal waters, one seawater and two petroleum waters) by two methods: (a) individual laboratory analytical procedure and (b) acid–base titration curves in tabular form following a standardised protocol. In case (b), the concentrations of carbonic species were calculated by the organiser using the (1) Hydrologists' method, (2) Geochemists' method and/or (3) initial pH and total alkalinity method. For synthetic waters, the averaged % trueness and precision of measurement of the two methods were (trueness = 7.6, precision = 9.4) and (9.0, 3.4) for total alkalinity, and (6.6, 31.0) and (7.8, 6.1) for carbonic alkalinity, respectively. This indicates that the total alkalinity calculation procedure is in general correct in the individual laboratory method, but the carbonic alkalinity calculation procedure has serious problems. The measurements of total alkalinity for lake and seawaters were in agreement in both the methods; however, the individual laboratory measurement method for geothermal and petroleum waters was conceptually incorrect. Thus, the analytical procedures for the determination of carbonic species were reviewed. To apply the Hydrologists' and/or Geochemists' methods, the location of NaHCO₃EP and H₂CO₃EP is necessary, even for samples with pH lower than that of NaHCO₃EP, and a backward titration curve after complete removal of CO₂ must be performed. The initial pH and total alkalinity method is appropriate where a complete analysis of species that contribute to the alkalinity is known.     

结合PCA和滑动时窗的电离层异常探测方法研究

针对主成分分析（PCA）方法探测电离层异常时探测范围有限且无法区分正负扰动的问题,提出一种结合PCA和滑动时窗的探测方法,并以3次强震为例检测其异常探测能力。结果显示,PCA-滑动时窗方法同时具备了2种方法的探测优势,相较于滑动时窗法,其探测结果更加直观、简明,且不易受空间环境影响,有相对更高的异常探测置信度和可靠度;相较于PCA方法,其能更好地用于长时间时空异常探测,并准确区分出正负异常。另外,通过进一步分析2020年瓦哈卡地震后发现,电离层在震前11~13 d、9 d及4~6 d出现明显异常,且异常位于震中偏南区域。综合4次地震可知,异常主要出现在震中偏南方向,大多呈共轭结构。