Autolisp语言在测量工作中的应用

通过两个实例介绍了Autolisp语言编程在工程测量中的应用,通过实践证明,该应用可以明显地提高工作效率。     

结合分段三次多项式与Akima法的等高线平滑方法

实际地形一般是连续变化的。根据数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)自动绘制的等高线由折线段相连而成,需要进一步平滑,以便更准确地描绘出实际地形的分布。结合分段三次多项式与Akima法来对等高线进行平滑处理。实验证明该方法效率高,结果满意,达到较好的平滑效果。     

A test method for analyzing the deformation of landslide model

In order to study the overall deformation of geotechnical model conveniently, the worksite of landslide bridge foundation reinforced by the front and rear row anti-slide piles in Chenglan railway was taken as an example. On the basis of shaking tabe test of a 1/40 reduced scale model, the landslide deformation caused by vibration waves was monitored through burying self-made phosphor bronze strips in soil. Combined with the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the bending strain points on the phosphor bronze strips, the digital matrix was converted by applying Renka Cline random matrix generation method, and the two-dimensional contour plots were drawn based on it. The results showed that the two-dimensional contour plots reflected the basic law of landslide deformation reasonably, and it revealed the evolution process of landslide deformation and failure. The research conclusions were consistent with the test phenomenon, which met the basic requirements of overall deformation analysis of landslide model. This proposed method can monitor multiple cross sections and was practical for model test.     

The influence of turbidity currents and contour currents on the distribution of deep‐water sediment waves offshore eastern Canada

Sediment waves are commonly observed on the sea floor and often vary in morphology and geometry according to factors such as seabed slope, density and discharge of turbidity currents, and the presence of persistent contour currents. This paper documents the morphology, internal geometry and distribution of deep‐water (4000 to 5000 m) bedforms observed on the sea floor offshore eastern Canada using high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry data and seismic stratigraphy. The bedforms have wavelengths of >1 km but fundamentally vary in terms of morphology and internal stratigraphy, and are distinguished into three main types. The first type, characterized by their long‐wavelength crescentic shape, is interpreted as net‐erosional cyclic steps. These cyclic steps were formed by turbidity currents flowing through canyons and overtopping and breaching levées. The second type, characterized by their linear shape and presence on levées, is interpreted as net‐depositional cyclic steps. These upslope migrating bedforms are strongly aggradational, indicating high sediment deposition from turbidity currents. The third type, characterized by their obliqueness to canyons, is observed on an open slope and is interpreted as antidunes. These antidunes were formed by the deflection of the upper dilute, low‐density parts of turbidity currents by contour currents. The modelling of the behaviour of these different types of turbidity currents reveals that fast‐flowing flows form cyclic steps while their upper parts overspill and are entrained westward by contour currents. The interaction between turbidity currents and contour currents results in flow thickening and reduced sediment concentration, which leads to lower flow velocities. Lower velocities, in turn, allow the formation of antidunes instead of cyclic steps because the densiometric Froude number (Fr′) decreases. Therefore, this study shows that both net‐erosional and net‐depositional cyclic steps are distributed along channels where turbidity currents prevail whereas antidunes form on open slopes, in a mixed turbidite/contourite system. This study provides insights into the influence of turbidity currents versus contour currents on the morphology, geometry and distribution of bedforms in a mixed turbidite–contourite system.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区石峡谷剖面中奥陶统克里摩里组下段等深流深水水道沉积

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组下段以深灰色薄—中层石灰岩夹灰黑色极薄层泥岩为特征,石灰岩单层略显透镜状且基本未受后期成岩作用改造,其中石峡谷剖面垂向上特征变化明显,是研究该组沉积过程的理想剖面。本次研究在详细的野外观察基础上,依据岩石特征和沉积构造进一步确认克里摩里组深水斜坡沉积背景和等深流沉积,同时详细研究了薄—中层石灰岩的充填特征和形态特征,探讨其水动力特征和沉积机制。结果表明: (1)在粉晶石灰岩和灰泥石灰岩中,晶粒呈散点状分布,粉晶之间为灰泥充填,同时岩层内部具有不均一性,粗粉晶、细粉晶和灰泥呈相间分布;(2)石灰岩主要发育和单层内粒度(方解石晶粒)变化有关的沉积构造,包括具有双向递变特征的粒序层、条带状构造和水平层—均匀层—水平层序列;(3)石灰岩层中透镜体发育,包括薄层中的小型连续透镜体、中层(一般小于30^cm)中的长透镜体以及由多个石灰岩层组成的透镜体,后者侧向上尖灭于页岩或地形高处,其内部单个岩层可呈对称性尖灭;(4)剖面上发育单层石灰岩厚度向上变薄的垂向序列以及由该序列组成的石灰岩叠置层。结合已有研究成果认为: 克里摩里组下段薄—中层石灰岩沉积于深水底流发育环境,其水动力具有低速、弱—强—弱周期变化和空间上受限的特征,应为等深流水道沉积,其沉积机制可分为3个阶段,即等深流作用前的清水钙质沉积、等深流作用期间对沉积物的改造和等深流作用后的浑水泥质沉积。     

Effects of intensive aquifers exploitation on groundwater salinity in coastal wetlands

The coastal plain of the Río de la Plata constitutes a large wetland which develops on the right margin of the river estuary. Anthropic activities such as intensive exploitation of groundwater carried out in the vicinity of the wetland can modify the natural hydrological regime. The aim of this work is to asses the effects of intensive aquifer exploitation in coastal wetlands using hydrogeological models. Such models allow to evaluate changes in the environmental conditions of wetland at regional level. The hydrogeological model exposed in this work shows how the intensive groundwater exploitation affects the wetland area, generating important variations both in the groundwater flows and in the salinity of the groundwater. Identification of these modifications to the environment is important to generate guidelines leading to minimize these affectations.     

SAR图像河流分割的加权指数区域能量模型

传统主动轮廓模型很难实现精确的SAR图像河流分割。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种加权指数区域能量主动轮廓模型,以精确地提取SAR图像中的河流。该模型在Chan-Vese(CV)模型能量泛函中引入了指数区域能量,能更好地衡量分割图像和原始图像的差异程度,提高模型的分割准确性。此外,利用目标区域和背景区域内像素灰度的最大绝对差取代模型中常值区域能量权重,自适应地调节目标区域和背景区域的能量比重,加速曲线运动到目标区域的边缘,获得更高的分割效率。针对实际河流SAR图像进行了分割试验,结果表明:与传统主动轮廓模型相比,本文提出的模型能更快速、精确地分割SAR图像中的河流,在分割结果和分割效率两方面具有优势。     

城市土地集约利用与生态利用灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析的方法分析我国内陆31个省会城市的土地集约利用与土地生态利用之间的关系,为城市土地集约与生态协同利用提供依据和支撑。结果表明:综合容积率,单位土地面积职工数,路网密度,人均城市建设用地,地均二、三产值,地均固定资产投入等,均与土地生态利用综合水平之间存在着密切关系,但密切程度不同;与31个省会城市相比,东中西部3个区域的城市土地集约与生态利用关联程度呈现出不同的特点。     

基于土地集约利用的长株潭城市群建设用地供需仿真模拟

土地集约利用反映了土地利用的综合状态,是协调土地供需平衡的重要指标。运用系统动力学（SD）构建城市建设用地供需反馈关系回路以及指标变量函数,在此基础上,建立长株潭城市群建设用地供需系统模型,仿真模拟低土地集约利用度、中等土地集约利用度、高土地集约利用度三种不同状态条件下,2016-2030年区域的建设用地、工业用地和居住用地供需变化趋势。结果表明：① 研究区用地规模仍处于扩张状态,城市建设用地数量增长速度总体较快。但三种发展状态下用地增长规模、速度存有差异;② 在低集约度模式下,建设用地规模及供地数量大,易造成土地资源的浪费;高集约度模式下,建设用地供给紧缩,用地规模增长缓慢,总规模偏小,不利于城镇化的良性发展;中等集约度模式则在用地规模和供给量上均与社会经济发展相适应,能体现现代城市发展理念;③ 工业用地占建设用地比例保持在15%~21%之间,其中低集约度模式下比例逐年上升,中等和高集约度模式下呈缓慢下降并趋于稳定之势;居住用地占建设用地的比例维持在27%~35%之间,其中低集约度和中等集约度模式用地占比呈下降趋势,高集约度模式比例总体维持在较高水平。研究通过对三种发展模式的设定,确定了不同指标在三种模式下的变化趋势,可为土地供需决策优化、城市建设规划及土地供给侧结构性改革提供科学参考。     

“规土融合”的城乡结合部土地集约利用评价——基于城市规划目标导向的方法创新与实践

城乡结合部是城乡用地争夺的焦点区域和城市扩张的前沿阵地,开展土地集约利用评价、促进其土地的集约利用对保障城市未来发展空间至关重要。但由于城乡结合部土地权属复杂、土地利用类型多样、开发建设活动频繁,城乡结合部成为土地集约利用评价工作的难点。通过分析传统的基于土地利用现状的集约利用评价方法在城乡结合部应用的弊端,提出城乡结合部土地集约利用评价的重点在于考虑规划目标的土地利用潜力挖掘,进而构建"规土融合"的城乡结合部土地集约利用评价方法。结合城市规划边界、规划管理单元和规划地块确定评价范围和评价单元,从宏观、中观和微观3个层面提出包括人口、经济和生态承载力在内的评价体系。通过"规土融合"思想在城乡结合部土地集约利用评价过程的融入,达到以评价促规划、以规划管控土地集约利用的目的。