基于CORS网的卫星钟差完备性监测

卫星钟差质量直接影响到高精度用户的定位结果,因此需对钟差实时监测,即为卫星钟差完备性监测,它是导航系统完备性理论体系中重要的组成部分。本文基于完备性监测的理念,利用CORS网的GPS观测值,利用多个基准站计算卫星钟差,分析同一卫星多个站上观测值的残差,确定各卫星钟差的可用性,若某一卫星的观测值残差与其他卫星残差有显著差异,且超过限值,则认为该卫星钟差质量较差,应给出示警信息,实现卫星钟差的完备性监测。最后针对河北省CORS网的观测数据,实现了卫星钟差完备性监测。     

Integrity monitoring of fixed ambiguity Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions

Traditional positioning methods, such as conventional Real Time Kinematic (cRTK) rely upon local reference networks to enable users to achieve high-accuracy positioning. The need for such relatively dense networks has significant cost implications. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) on the other hand is a positioning method capable of centimeter-level positioning without the need for such local networks, hence providing significant cost benefits especially in remote areas. This paper presents the state-of-the-art PPP method using both GPS and GLONASS measurements to estimate the float position solution before attempting to resolve GPS integer ambiguities. Integrity monitoring is carried out using the Imperial College Carrier-phase Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring method. A new method to detect and exclude GPS base-satellite failures is developed. A base-satellite is a satellite whose measurements are differenced from other satellite’s measurements when using between-satellite-differenced measurements to estimate position. The failure detection and exclusion methods are tested using static GNSS data recorded by International GNSS Service stations both in static and dynamic processing modes. The results show that failure detection can be achieved in all cases tested and failure exclusion can be achieved for static cases. In the kinematic processing cases, failure exclusion is more difficult because the higher noise in the measurement residuals increases the difficulty to distinguish between failures associated with the base-satellite and other satellites.     

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Pin‐supported walls for enhancing the seismic performance of building structures

An application of a pin‐supported wall‐frame system in retrofitting an eleven‐story steel reinforced concrete frame is introduced. The retrofit aims at enhancing integrity and avoiding weak story failure in an existing moment‐resisting frame. Seismic performance of the building before and after the retrofit is assessed through nonlinear dynamic analysis. The results show that the pin‐supported walls are effective in controlling the deformation pattern of the ductile frame and hence in avoiding weak story failure. With the well‐controlled deformation pattern, carefully arranged energy dissipating devices are able to concentrate energy dissipations so that damage to the rest of the structure can be significantly reduced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

接收机自主完好性监测算法及其性能分析

完好性是卫星导航系统的重要性能参数,接收机自主完好性监测作为用户端的完好性监测方法具有低成本、实施方便的优势。基于统计理论,给出RAIM算法统计检测量的设计方法,推导了阈值的确定方法及RAIM可用性判定方法。对一天中2880个采样时刻的RAIM性能进行仿真分析,结果表明,RAIM算法对于固定伪距误差的故障和慢变故障有良好的监测效果,排除故障星之后的定位误差可以保持在正常的水平。     

非正态分布假设下的完好性阈值计算与分析

引入"概率包络"概念,从分析复杂多路径误差的概率分布入手,推导了两种非高斯分布的多路径误差概率分布模型,改进了两种基于污染正态分布的完好性阈值计算方法,并分别在伪距域和定位域对非高斯误差分布模型进行高斯概率包络分析,计算相应的均方差膨胀因子,从理论上体现了完好性阈值计算方法的严密性和有效性。仿真计算结果表明,两种改进的完好性阈值计算结果都能够对污染正态分布误差模型实现高斯概率包络,但第一种改进方法计算结果相对比较保守,第二种改进方法计算结果更加优化。     

The territorial integrity of Iraq, 2003-2007: Invocation, violation, viability

This paper considers the ways in which Iraq’s territorial integrity has been invoked by the international community, how it was violated by the US-led coalition between 2003 and 2007, and how these acts have called into question the future viability of the Iraqi state. The paper contends that Iraq provides an instructive illustration of how the international legal term of territorial integrity is being pulled apart; where the spatial extent of the state must be preserved at all costs, yet the sovereignty of the state is rendered entirely contingent. Using interviews with key actors within the British context and documentary analysis, this paper examines the political situation in Iraq and the content of the new Iraqi constitution, the rise of factionalism within Iraq, and the report of the Iraq Study Group. In doing so it considers the impact of key decisions concerning Iraq’s sovereignty upon the future viability of the state.     

Measurement of platform conductor preload in streamlining the life extensions of ageing offshore wells

The life extension of ageing oil wells is becoming an ever more crucial part of an operator's activities in recent years, mainly due to slumping oil price which discourages new exploration and the potential extended operation of some older fields with sufficient producing capacity still remaining. The conductor forms one of the primary structural components of wells and its deterioration over time warrants immediate integrity assessment and rehabilitation plans. The construction residual loading or preloads on the conductor are calculated as per standard guidelines and by analytical means during its design and installation phase, but may not be realistic when assessing aged conductors, due to the high levels of over-conservatism built in to address the various uncertainties during the well drilling phase, hence a more practical means of evaluating this residual load is required in carrying out the integrity assessments. This article presents the novel use of ultrasonic based non-destructive technique (NDT) to measure the conductor preload by observing the travel time of the longitudinal critical refracted (LCR) waves and employing the acoustoelastic method to determine the structural stresses. The measurement of the time of flight (TOF) of this wave component is evaluated from the signals measurement under a range of preload stresses induced into the specimen, and the acoustoelastic calibration curve is obtained as a result, for various section geometries and dimensions. Numerical analyses are also carried out to correlate and validate the magnitude order of the acoustoelastic constant of typical conductor steel grade (grade-B). These are in good agreement with each other and can be a very reliable tool for the on-site preload measurements during oil well integrity assessment. This measurement of conductor preload results in minimising any associated uncertainties, assumptions and the corresponding over-conservatisms carried over from the design stage, hence streamlining the repair and rehabilitation strategies to the most critical well-conductor groups in the field, thus significantly reducing the costs and resources for operators in extending life of aged wells.     

Analysis and evaluation of coral reef integrity based on borehole camera technology

At present, very few drilling surveys have been conducted on coral reefs, and comprehensive geological info on coral reefs is difficult to obtain. However, research on coral reefs is of great importance to development and exploitation of maritime resources. In the survey of Chenhang Island in Paracel (Xisha) Islands, we applied the digital borehole camera technology the first time in China, which resulted in a large amount of first-hand geological data. We utilized the rock mass integrity index (RMDI) method in our analysis of coral reef integrity, and the value of coefficient α in the RMDI was determined to evaluate the size effect of cavities on coral reefs. We then developed the correlation between RMDI values and coral reef integrity with references to the rock mass classification standard, which enabled the engineering evaluation of coral reef integrity. By statistical analysis of camera data gathered along the CK2 borehole for approximately 1-km length, we performed an integrity evaluation of the entire borehole length using the RMDI classification and created a coral reef stratum development diagram that was consistent with the actual cores. The results indicated: (1) the RMDI is a feasible approach for the analysis of coral reef integrity, (2) the classification system based on RMDI is feasible in the integrity evaluation of coral reefs, (3) the values of coral reef integrity obtained using the RMDI method are accurate, and (4) borehole camera survey and statistical analysis are important in the study of coral reefs.     

An analytical solution for wave propagation in a square pile due to transient point load

This paper presents an analytical solution for wave propagation in a square pile due to transient point load. The differential equation of dynamic equilibrium is established considering propagation of waves in both vertical and transverse directions. The soil resistance is simulated by Voigt model. The three-dimensional analytical solution is deduced by using Fourier transform and the separation of variable method. The arithmetical results of the proposed solution show that the velocity responses along the radial direction at the pile top are highly non-uniform. In addition, Young’s modulus and the pile side length exert undisputable influences on the velocity responses.