Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide

In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America.     

Comparison of two different equations of state for application of carbon dioxide sequestration

We suggest that different equations of state (EOS) algorithms can and frequently will provide very different predictions of CO₂ migration following injection for sequestration. Rather than carry out an exhaustive examination of all EOS algorithms available, we elected to evaluate this general hypothesis by making detailed comparisons of simulation results of two very common EOS algorithms. We simulated and compared CO₂ migration patterns using two fundamentally different EOS algorithms – Modified Redlich-Kwong EOS (MRKEOS) and Span and Wagner EOS (SWEOS). In general, the predictions of thermophysical properties for both algorithms are close, except for a contrast in the predicted fugacity coefficient of CO₂, which subsequently propagates to a contrast in predicted solubility in water/brine. Typically, MRKEOS underestimates solubility of CO₂ compared to both SWEOS and experimental solubility data. In simulations of CO₂ migration, dissolution rates of separate-phase CO₂ predicted from the two EOS algorithms were significantly different, even for small contrasts in predicted fluid properties from EOS algorithms, resulting in markedly different migration patterns.     

干旱内陆河流域地表水地下水联合调度研究进展

地表水-地下水联合调度是解决干旱内陆河流域水资源短缺的一个有效途径,对干旱区水资源优化配置具有重要意义.以地表水地下水联合调度内涵为基础.分析了干旱内陆河地表水-地下水联合调度模式的国内外研究现状.对地表水地下水联合调度的研究方法进行了评价并指出存在的不足之处,展望了地表水与地下水联合调度的研究趋势.指出在未来地表水-地下水联合调度中应加强与气象学、生态学等多学科交叉研究.探讨内陆河水资源高效利用模式和基于生态健康和环境发展的内陆河环境需水定值方法与阈值.开发内陆河地表水地下水联合调度信息系统和管理模式.指出综合水循环组成部分的集成模型是地表水-地下水联合调度模型发展的必然趋势.     

超声应力波法检测锚杆的机理分析及应用

锚杆锚固质量的超声应力波法（USW）检测包括锚杆长度检测和灌浆密实度检测。依据一维杆件的粘弹性波理论,建立了锚杆锚固的数学-力学模型并分析求解,研究了应力波在已锚固锚杆中的传播机理,并对几种情况进行分析,对应用超声应力波法检测锚杆长度和灌浆密实度的理论基础和机理进行了探讨和分析。结合在大型水电工程中的实际应用,证明超声应力波法用于锚杆锚固质量检测具有良好效果。     

广域差分GPS系统完备性监测

广域差分 GPS系统完备性监测技术是广域差分的关键和核心。本文全面介绍了完备性监测技术的定义 ,完备性监测系统的构成 ,以及各个部分的监测方法 ,包括监测站和用户站的监测技术 ,最后给出了完备性监测的一般步骤。     

桩土体系相互作用的计算机仿真分析

以一维应力波理论为基础,应用桩土体系相互作用的数值模拟方法,得到了反映桩中应力波的传播过程及反射特性的桩身各点振动速度空间曲面;模拟分析了各类桩身缺陷对桩的振动特性的影响,并将理论曲线与实测曲线进行拟合对比。结果表明:两者基本一致。      

地理系统与地理信息系统

人类认识自己住居的星球是漫长的,然而是加速度的。学科的分化和交叉是多层次的。统一地理学一再遭受过冲击,但它的合理的内核——地理综合体是客观存在的。地图和遥感作为信息载体证实了这一观点。地理系统的概念反映当代科学技术进步和社会需求;而地理信息系统为地理学发挥区域性与综合性的优势提供了一种现代化的高技术手段。     

近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况及变化趋势研究

为评估长江口海域生态系统健康状况,本文以鱼类浮游生物为指示生物,选择1986年、1999年、2007年和2016年4个年份的数据,选取鱼类浮游生物总种类数、底栖鱼种类数、水层鱼种类数、低耐污鱼种类数、高耐污鱼种类数百分比、杂食性鱼种类数百分比、虫食性鱼种类数百分比、肉食性鱼种类数百分比、鱼类取样个体数、天然杂交种种类数百分比等10个评价指标,采用1、3、5赋值法计算4个不同年份的河口生物完整性指数(Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index,EBI),并以此评价近30年长江口海域生态系统健康状况变化趋势。结果显示,1986年、1999年、2007年和2016年4个不同年份的EBI值分别是52、40、36、34,对应的EBI等级分别为"好"、"一般"、"一般-差"、"差"。通过分析EBI年际变化的结果,发现近30年来长江口海域生态系统健康状况呈现先下降,而后稳定在较低水平的趋势,说明长江口海域生态系统亟需及时进行保护和修复工作。     

卵磷脂对花尾胡椒401幼鱼谷肤甘肤一硫一转移酶，谷肤甘肤过氧化物酶和DNA完整性的影响

采用不同卵磷脂添加量的配合饲料投喂花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhyncchus cinctus）幼鱼，同步测定幼鱼的谷胱甘肽-硫-转移酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性以及DNA完整程度。结果表明，谷胱甘肽-硫-转移酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性随着饲料中卵磷脂含量的增加而提高，而DNA单链断裂程度随着饲料中卵磷脂含量的增加而减少。这提示卵磷脂能够提高鱼体的抗氧化防御系统的机能。     

利用环空压力测试数据评价高温高压气井固井水泥环的密封完整性

目前,高温高压气井在生产期间环空异常带压现象频发,气井环空异常带压表明井内出现窜漏,其完整性受到削弱,将影响气井安全生产。气井环空异常带压的根本原因是井屏障部件受损。通过对异常环空压力进行现场诊断测试,根据测试数据评估各个环空的窜漏程度,为环空异常带压潜在风险控制措施的制定提供指导。首先,分析了气井环空带压的5种模式,并基于气液多相流和达西渗流理论,建立了水泥返至井口和未返至井口2种环空介质条件下气体渗流数学模型。结合实例井不同环空压力诊断测试数据,评估了固井水泥环的密封完整性。该方法可通过反向拟合现场实测压力数据,预测各环空压力的变化趋势,并评估固井水泥环的整体泄漏程度,可用于指导固井工程设计及现场作业。