MAINTAINING AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITY AT CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES

To be considered for listing as a World Heritage site, properties must meet the conditions of “integrity” and/or “authenticity” and be of “outstanding universal value.” Identifying and maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural heritage sites are challenging goals, however. The concepts are difficult to define and are open to different interpretations in different cultural settings. Additionally, the diversity of sites and wide variety of influences on them require individualized approaches to preservation in many cases. Nonetheless, authenticity and integrity are useful guiding concepts in striving for a systematic approach to preservation in diverse contexts. In this article we discuss preservation approaches that are appropriate at a range of sites, paying particular attention to the tensions that arise when balancing the need to maintain authenticity and integrity with the needs of the people who live in or visit these sites.     

基桩低应变法三维干扰最小点位置的影响因素及确定方法

通过工程实测信号和数值模拟分析,证明了瞬态集中荷载敲击下,桩顶三维干扰速度信号的强度沿径向先递减后递增,存在干扰最小点,并对比了不同学者提出的干扰最小点位置处的信号。参数分析表明,三维干扰最小点的位置与桩径、桩长、荷载脉宽、桩身混凝土弹性模量、土层剪切波速及土层泊松比等桩、土参数几乎无关,但与桩身混凝土泊松比密切相关,且泊松比越大,干扰最小点的位置越靠近桩中心。给出了干扰最小点位置与桩身混凝土泊松比之间的函数表达式,可方便应用于实际工程。     

超声波透射法在人工挖孔桩缺陷检测中的应用研究

介绍了超声波透射法检测桩身完整性的基本原理,分析了超声波声学参数与混凝土质量的芜景。通过2根模型桩实测数据判断结果与模型桩缺陷设计进行对比分析,表明超声波透射法能够准确的判断人工挖孔桩的缺陷部位、大小及严重程度等信息,说明超声波透射法是一种行之有效的桩身完整性无损检测方法。     

Cumulative impacts on seabed habitats: An indicator for assessments of good environmental status

The European seas are under anthropogenic pressures impacting the state of water quality, benthic habitats and species. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires the Member States to assess the impacts of pressures and make a programme of measures leading to good environmental status (GES) by 2020. This study presents a method for assessing the quantity and distribution of anthropogenic impacts on benthic habitats in the Baltic Sea by using spatial data of human pressures and benthic habitats. The southern sub-basins were more extensively impacted than the northern sub-basins. Over the entire sea area, deep sea habitats were more impacted than shallower infralittoral and circalittoral habitats. Sand and coarse sediments were the seabed types relatively most impacted in the Baltic Sea scale. A comparison against tentative thresholds for GES showed that in the sub-basin scale only one third of the habitat types was in GES.     

精密单点定位用户自主式完备性监测算法

精密单点定位PPP是当前GNSS高精度定位中的关键技术之一,使用的PPP采用扩展卡尔曼滤波估计,未知参数包括站点坐标,接收机钟差,对流层延迟以及虚拟未知数。在QR奇偶检校法的基础上,重点考察设计矩阵向量间的相关距离,将其作为粗差探测和识别的研究对象。通过向量相关距离时间序列,可以区分单个粗差和多个粗差的粗差集。提出精密单点定位的RAIM算法,解决了精密单点定位中的质量控制问题,使得多个粗差的识别更加清晰和快捷。     

全球导航卫星系统在民用航空中的应用

分析了民用航空应用对全球导航卫星系统性能的严格要求。介绍了GPS系统对其精度、完好性等性能进行增强的措施,及在民用航空中的应用,进一步介绍了未来多卫星导航系统为满足航空应用需求而做的努力。介绍了卫星导航系统目前在我国民用航空中的应用情况,强调了未来卫星导航系统对我国航空应用的重要意义。     

Ecological quality assessment of small estuaries from the Portuguese coast based on fish assemblages indices

The importance of establishing the ecological quality of estuarine systems has been widely acknowledged and led to the development of several fish community-based multimetric indices. Nevertheless, a question rose about the accuracy of these tools when natural disturbance is acting upon the organization of the systems’ communities. Four multimetric indices were used to examine their ability to differentiate the ecological status of five small estuarine systems (southern Portugal), and also to test if they reflected the level of anthropogenic pressures. Fish assemblages from Mira, Odeceixe and Aljezur (in the Southwest coast), Gilão and Bensafrim (in the South coast) estuaries were sampled seasonally for one year, and anthropogenic sources of pressure were identified and quantified. We found that although the applied indices provided information on ecological condition differentiation among systems, they are unable to explain different classes of ecological status in systems with equivalent pressure levels.     

福建福清核电厂厂址地基岩土工程评价

根据福清市核电厂候选厂址区花岗岩体微风化和中风化层结构的特征,节理裂隙统计,结合声波测试和室内岩石单轴抗压强度、变形试验、三轴压缩试验等测试数据,评价核电厂地基岩体的适宜性。     

“Basin scale” versus “localized” pore pressure/stress coupling - Implications for trap integrity evaluation

In petroleum industry, the difference between pore pressure (P_p) and minimum horizontal stress S_h (termed the seal or retention capacity) is of major consideration because it is often assumed to represent how close a system is to hydraulic failure and thus the maximum hydrocarbon column height that can be maintained. While S_h and P_p are often considered to be independent parameters, several studies in the last decade have demonstrated that S_h and P_p are in fact coupled. However, the nature of this coupling relationship remains poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the influences of the spatial pore pressure distribution on S_h/P_p coupling and then on failure pressure predictions and trap integrity evaluation. With analytical models, we predict the fluid pressure sustainable within a reservoir before failure of its overpressured shale cover. We verify our analytical predictions with experiments involving analogue materials and fluids. We show that hydraulic fracturing and seal breach occur for fluid pressure greater than it would be expected from conventional retention capacity. This can be explained by the impact of the fluid overpressure field in the overburden and the pressure diffusion around the reservoir on the principal stresses. We calculate that supralithostatic pressure could locally be reached in overpressured covers. We also define the retention capacity of a cover (RC) surrounding a fluid source or reservoir as the difference between the failure pressure and the fluid overpressure prevailing in shale at the same depth. In response to a localized fluid pressure rise, we show that the retention capacity does not only depend on the pore fluid overpressure of the overburden but also on the tensile strength of the cover, its Poisson’s ratio, and the depth and width of the fluid source.     

Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide

In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America.