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排序方式: 共有228条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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为了减小目前常用坐标放样方法中手工输入全站仪数据对作业精度和速度的影响,利用CASS、SV300等数字测图软件相应功能提取各设计点的坐标值,把这些设计数据与控制点数据合并成一个数据文件后,将此数据文件通过数据线传输到全站仪内存文件中,现场利用全站仪自带的坐标放样软件,快速准确地进行放样,从而实现了坐标放样的内外一体化。 相似文献
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卫星导航系统完备性指标SISA的计算和分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
根据GALILEO系统的完备性指标概念,采用基于轨道误差和卫星钟差协方差矩阵计算完备性指标的方法,利用GPS星历数据计算和分析了空间信号误差(SISE)和完备性指标(SISA)的变化和分布情况.结果表明,GPS卫星各分量中误差相差较大,对于不同的卫星应分别计算其完备性指标;不同GPS卫星的SISE随时间的变化幅度不同,呈明显的随机性;在中国区域内,SISA的变化具有一定的规律性,在低纬高经度地区SISA具有较小的数值,在同一高纬地区SISA的数值相近;针对GPS系统的SISA计算结果,GALILEO系统需大幅提高轨道和钟差预报精度才能满足生命安全服务要求. 相似文献
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利用GIS技术进行油气长输管道完整性数据采集与维护是目前管道完整性管理的主流应用趋势.将油气管道设备相关的地理信息、图形信息以及维修维护信息进行一体化管理,强大的数据管理功能和空间分析功能有利于对整个管网进行全方位的监测、高效率的管理和及时的维护.本应用系统是提高长输管道管理技术水平的有效途径之一,这一技术的应用将使长输管道的工程建设、运行管理进入一个崭新的信息化时代. 相似文献
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R. Mourgues J.B. GressierL. Bodet D. BureauA. Gay 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(5):1111-1121
In petroleum industry, the difference between pore pressure (Pp) and minimum horizontal stress Sh (termed the seal or retention capacity) is of major consideration because it is often assumed to represent how close a system is to hydraulic failure and thus the maximum hydrocarbon column height that can be maintained. While Sh and Pp are often considered to be independent parameters, several studies in the last decade have demonstrated that Sh and Pp are in fact coupled. However, the nature of this coupling relationship remains poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the influences of the spatial pore pressure distribution on Sh/Pp coupling and then on failure pressure predictions and trap integrity evaluation. With analytical models, we predict the fluid pressure sustainable within a reservoir before failure of its overpressured shale cover. We verify our analytical predictions with experiments involving analogue materials and fluids. We show that hydraulic fracturing and seal breach occur for fluid pressure greater than it would be expected from conventional retention capacity. This can be explained by the impact of the fluid overpressure field in the overburden and the pressure diffusion around the reservoir on the principal stresses. We calculate that supralithostatic pressure could locally be reached in overpressured covers. We also define the retention capacity of a cover (RC) surrounding a fluid source or reservoir as the difference between the failure pressure and the fluid overpressure prevailing in shale at the same depth. In response to a localized fluid pressure rise, we show that the retention capacity does not only depend on the pore fluid overpressure of the overburden but also on the tensile strength of the cover, its Poisson’s ratio, and the depth and width of the fluid source. 相似文献
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Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
Borja A Bricker SB Dauer DM Demetriades NT Ferreira JG Forbes AT Hutchings P Jia X Kenchington R Carlos Marques J Zhu C 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(9):1519-1537
In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. 相似文献
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Michael E. McClain Amanda L. Subalusky Elizabeth P. Anderson Shimelis Behailu Dessu Assefa M. Melesse Preksedis M. Ndomba 《水文科学杂志》2014,59(3-4):801-819
AbstractEquatorial rivers of East Africa exhibit unusually complex seasonal and inter-annual flow regimes, and aquatic and adjacent terrestrial organisms have adapted to cope with this flow variability. This study examined the annual flow regime over the past 40 years for three gauging stations on the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania, which is of international importance because it is the only perennial river traversing the Mara-Serengeti ecoregion. Select environmental flow components were quantified and converted to ecologically relevant hydraulic variables. Vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected and identified at target study sites during low and high flows. The results were compared with available knowledge of the life histories and flow sensitivities of the riverine communities to infer flow–ecology relationships. Management implications are discussed, including the need to preserve a dynamic environmental flow regime to protect ecosystems in the region. The results for the Mara may serve as a useful model for river basins of the wider equatorial East Africa region.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman 相似文献