On the recording characteristics of the original Wiechert seismographs at Göttingen (Germany)

The mechanical, automatically recording seismological instruments developed by Emil Wiechert in Göttingen at the beginning of the 20th century are still in use today. I comparethe recording characteristics of these seismographswith a modern, electrodynamic MARK L4-3D instrument. The frequency-dependent transfer functions are determined and used to restitute the`true' ground displacement. The displacement waveforms at the different instruments are well correlated at frequencies between 0.05 and 4.0 Hz.Amplitudes differ by a factor of less than two. This is sufficientfor the determination of seismological magnitudes which are defined on a logarithmicbasis. The timing accuracy is less favourable due to theslow recording speed on the smoked paper. However, relativetime differences within one second may be resolved, allowing the use of variousmodern seismological interpretation techniques.     

清代方测雨器、方蒸发器由来考

本文前半部介绍我国清乾隆年间戴源所记方测雨器、方蒸发器的构造和作用,并对比介绍欧美方测雨器及方蒸发器的沿革。后半部主要探讨这些仪器外形方圆变化的原因。并对戴源仪器本身及《测圆图解》进行分析,进而证明这种仪器并非我国自创,却系耶稣会传教士由巴黎传入中国。但在我国气象仪器史中有着重要意义。     

用近零同步观测法进行DI磁力仪的比测

地磁仪器比测是保障地磁测量准确可靠的有效手段。本文介绍了用近零同步观测法进行DI磁力仪的比测原理、方法和实例。该方法不需对磁测数据进行通化处理。因而不会引入其他测量系统的误差,可以有效地确定小于0．2′的仪器差。     

安丘地震台九五仪器网络化的实现

介绍了“九五”数字化仪器集成到网络环境中的基本原理,以及安丘台仪器的连接方式、操作程序、数据传输等内容,并对比分析了网络传输与以前的串口传输方式的优缺点。     

煤田水文地质勘探电磁法仪器专业化的思考

随着煤田水文地质勘探任务的复杂化,以往普遍适用的电磁法勘探仪器也迫切需要面向专业化方向发展。这种专业化的趋势是与勘探目的相适应的,更是实际中的切实需要。本文针对煤田地质勘探,特别是华北型煤田水文地质勘探的任务性质、地层电性特点,提出了TEM仪器大功率、高采样率和CSAMT仪器加密频点、多测站施工的设想,以适应专业化要求。      

电磁探测技术在工程与环境中的应用现状

电磁探测技术是工程和环境地球物理勘查中最有效的技术之一,近年来频率域和时间域电磁探测仪器不断发展,涌现出适用于地下管线探测、地下水污染监测、堤坝质量检测、土壤特性探测与评价的新型电磁探测仪器。频率域电磁探测仪器采用了传导电流和位移电流都不能忽略的频段以及位流发射技术;时间域电磁探测仪器向甚早期偏移,以弥补传统电磁法和探地雷达难以探测的盲区,提高探测的分辨率与探测效率。在美国爱得荷国家工程实验室(IdahoNationalEngineeringLaboratory)进行的电磁探测综合演示实验(EMID)反映出当今电磁探测仪器的水平和发展趋势。     

Letter to the editor A comparison of F-region ion velocity observations from the EISCAT Svalbard and VHF radars with irregularity drift velocity measurements from the CUTLASS Finland HF radar

During August 1998, the UK EISCAT special programme SP-UK-CSUB, which combines operation of both the mainland VHF and Svalbard UHF incoherent scatter radars, was run for several hours around magnetic midnight on four consecutive days. The CUTLASS Finland HF coherent scatter radar was, at these times, operating in a discretionary mode, sounding on all 16 beams, one at high-time resolution. This study presents a comparison of the velocities measured by coherent and incoherent techniques during the SP-UK-CSUB experiments. Agreement, particularly between the ion velocities measured by the EISCAT Svalbard radar and irregularity drift measurements by the Finland radar, is remarkable, thereby validating the scientific integrity of both data sets. This work highlights the substantive contribution to our understanding of the solar-terrestrial environment which can be made by use in concert of incoherent and HF coherent scatter radars.     

Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar (SPEAR): an overview of a future radar facility

SPEAR is a new polar cap HF radar facility which is to be deployed on Svalbard. The principal capabilities of SPEAR will include the generation of artificial plasma irregularities, operation as an all-sky HF radar, the excitation of ULF waves, and remote sounding of the magnetosphere. Operation of SPEAR in conjunction with the multitude of other instruments on Svalbard, including the EISCAT Svalbard radar, and the overlap of its extensive field-of-view with that of several of the HF radars in the SuperDARN network, will enable in-depth diagnosis of many geophysical and plasma phenomena associated with the cusp region and the substorm expansion phase. Moreover, its ability to produce artificial radar aurora will provide a means for the other instruments to undertake polar cap plasma physics experiments in a controlled manner. Another potential use of the facility is in field-line tagging experiments, for coordinated ground-satellite experiments. Here the scientific objectives of SPEAR are detailed, along with the proposed technical specifications of the system.     

Geography and climate policy: a comparative assessment of new environmental policy instruments in the UK and Germany

New environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) (market-based instruments and environmental agreements) have moved to the forefront of environmental policy in recent years. From an economic theory perspective, NEPIs offer substantial benefits over ‘command-and-control’ regulation, yet empirical evaluations of their deployment and performance remain rare. This paper argues for a strong geographical contribution to this research agenda, utilising cross-national comparisons and actor-oriented perspectives to provide critical assessment and refinement of established NEPI theory. To illustrate this potential, this paper examines United Kingdom and German climate policy, using postal surveys and semi-structured interviews to assess corporate, industry association and policy-maker views on the effectiveness of eco-taxes, tradable permits and agreements in curbing greenhouse-gas emissions. Divergences between theoretical and practitioner perspectives on NEPIs are discussed, leading to suggested strategies for enhancing the environmental effectiveness of market-based instruments. The influence of national policy styles on NEPI design and industry reactions to these instruments was also identified as severely under-represented within economic theories of environmental regulation. Whilst industry assessments of environmental policy are unavoidably coloured by vested interests, cross-national and actor-oriented analyses nevertheless provide important insights into processes of policy diffusion and the strengths and weaknesses of different NEPIs.     

多传感器远程桥梁监测技术研究

本文通过试验验证了一种新的桥梁监测方法，利用PXI和SCXI总线技术搭建测量平台，用虚拟仪器软件LabVIEW编程，用Measurement ＆ Automation Explorer软件采集处理信号，模拟在不同荷载、不同车速条件下桥梁应变、挠度和振动状态的变化情况，进行桥梁的动静载测试试验，分析信号的变化情况，实现对桥梁的健康监测。