《GNSS 测量与数据处理》讲座式授课改革与实践

随着测绘就业市场对高校测绘毕业生的综合素质和创新能力要求的提高,进行测绘工程专业教学改革势在必行。GNSS测量与数据处理课程进行了讲座责任制的课程改革试点,讲座责任制是实现“以学生为主体,以工程项目为主线,以教师为主导,以能力培养为目标”的教学改革授课模式,通过教学改革方案实施、考试制度改革和学生问卷调查,得到了有益结论和改进措施。     

A Review of “Knowledge Externalities,Innovation Clusters and Regional Development”

Land use information over large areas is increasingly important for many studies related to environment in general and global change in particular. Yet there is a dearth of methodological knowledge in this area, especially regarding the practical task of producing land use maps. In this article, a systematic land use mapping approach is developed, based on land cover maps that in turn are produced through remote sensing. The concept is based on the recognition of varying strengths of land cover (LC) – land use (LU) relationships, from the thematic and spatial points of view. Several categories of relationships are identified, ranging from direct (case 1) to multiple/complex (case 4), and appropriate mapping strategies are discussed for these cases. Using a mapping study in Lebanon, it is shown that the principles embodied in this approach correspond to issues and conditions in real mapping situations. Finally, the concepts are translated into a series of steps through which the method can be applied to large areas, taking into consideration the specific requirements and constraints of each case. The final land use map represents an acceptable compromise between accuracy, level of detail, and cost.     

关于培养创新型人才的思考

人才是时代的产物。培养大批具有创造性思维的创新型人才，是当今高等教育面临的重大任务。对此，必须引起高度重视，并努力付诸于实践之中。     

《大学物理》课程改革与实践

为适应21世纪高素质人才培养的要求，在教学实践中对《大学物理》课程的教学内容、教学方法和手段进行了改革，对《大学物理》课程的现代化教学作了有益的探索和尝试，编制了体现素质教育的大学物理多媒体课件。在我院1999至2001级理工科中开展的系列教学实践表明，合理利用《大学物理》多媒体课件能有效地保证教学质量、发掘课堂教学的潜力。     

西部大开发与西部企业技术创新主体地位

"西部大开发"对提高西部企业的技术创新能力有十分重要的作用,这就涉及到两个关系:企业与政府,西部企业与东部企业.考虑到西部的现状,要保证西部企业在技术创新活动中的主体地位,西部企业应将技术创新的重点放在区域特色产品、资源型产业、旅游业、农林畜牧业等优势产业上.而政府也应推行与之相配套的政策,以保证西部企业在技术创新活动中的主体地位.     

上海天文台2003年度的科研工作

简要回顾了上海天文台在 2 0 0 3年的科研工作情况。     

Energy research within the UNFCCC: a proposal to guard against ongoing climate-deadlock†

We propose that an international ‘Low-Emissions Technology Commitment’ should be incorporated into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiation process in order to promote innovation that will enable deep decarbonization. The goal is to accelerate research, development, and demonstration of safe, scalable, and affordable low-emissions energy technologies. Such a commitment should be based on three elements. First, it should operate within existing UNFCCC negotiations so as to encourage developed states to offer directed funding for energy research as part of their national contributions. Second, pledges should be binding, verifiable, and coordinated within an international energy-research plan. Third, expert scientific networks and participating governments should collaborate to design a coordinated global research and technology-demonstration strategy and oversee national research efforts. To this end an Intergovernmental Panel on Low-Emissions Technology Research might be established. This proposal offers some insurance against the risk that the political impasse in international negotiations cannot be overcome. The higher costs associated with low-emissions alternatives to fossil fuels currently creates significant economic and political resistance to their widespread adoption. To breach this impasse, a mechanism supporting accelerated energy research is needed that seeks to reduce future abatement costs, share experience and ‘learning-by-doing’ in first-of-a-kind demonstrations, and thus facilitate future widespread deployments. These actions will also assist in addressing inequalities in energy access.

Policy relevance

Over the past decade, global fossil-fuel use and associated carbon emissions have risen steadily, despite the majority of nations agreeing, in principle, to work to limit global warming to less than 2?°C above pre-industrial conditions (IPCC, 2014 IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. In O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, … J. C. Minx (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–1415). Cambridge and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://mitigation2014.org/report [Google Scholar]). Accelerated research, development, and demonstration of low-emissions technologies will be required for successful and economically efficient decarbonization of the global economy, but how can the current deadlock be broken? The UNFCCC does not contain adequate mechanisms to promote increased investment in research, so climate-governance institutions are not capturing the gains that could be achieved through a globally coordinated approach. Here, we outline reform proposals that would enhance both the economic effectiveness of global abatement efforts and the political feasibility of accelerated innovation.     

继续教育创新人才培养模式的探讨

从教学理念、遥感科学与技术专业课程教学内容体系、实践教学内容体系、教学方法和手段等方面进行改革;充分利用开放式实验教学创新环境,开展创新性实践教学,充分发挥学生创新能力。探讨了遥感科学与技术专升本创新人才培养的模式。     

东北地区的创新能力演化及其经济带动作用分析

通过建立创新能力指标体系和计算模型,并采用相关分析、回归分析、变异系数等方法,从不同空间层级剖析了东北三省的创新能力发展格局及其对经济发展的带动作用,并根据研究结果提出了相关政策建议。研究发现：① 从创新能力分析,吉林、辽宁的创新能力增长较快而黑龙江相对较慢,省际差异呈扩大态势;地级市之间的创新能力相差悬殊,呈现明显的省会城市及门户城市集聚效应,但市级差异呈缩小态势。② 从创新贡献率分析,辽宁的科技创新转化能力及其对经济发展的带动相对较强,而吉林、黑龙江相对较弱;地级市差异较大,沈阳、大连、长春、大庆的创新贡献率比较突出,而锦州、吉林、盘锦、铁岭上升较快。③ 大部分地级市的创新发展对经济带动模式为“低创新能力-弱经济带动”和“高创新能力-强经济带动”,说明各地级市的创新发展及其对经济带动的两极分化较严重。     

重化工业集群式创新机制与空间响应研究

本文从集群权力分层视角出发,以德国化学工业和汽车、光伏重工产业为研究对象,采用多种空间计量模型分析方法,研究重化工业创新模式及其空间组织形态变化。理论研究结果表明,重化工业分布的弱地理邻近与空间尺度扩大是基于其产业技术特征和创新合作特点的“必然”：由于集群技术权力分层导致其创新外部性发生根本性改变,地理邻近非再必需,创新合作空间尺度由集群向区域层面拓展。德国实证研究分析揭示：重化工业空间布局呈显著弱地理邻近分布效应;其空间集聚形态已非传统意义上的产业集群,而是依托更大空间尺度的产业集聚带;重工与化工产业有着基于对综合性知识和共性技术扩散共同需求的区位指向;其核心企业因对创新合作者的高度选择权而呈现“孤岛效应”布局。研究指出,重视重化工业技术创新垂直扩散能力的培育、建立多生产环节的共性技术联盟、重视大工业区区域创新协同合作将有助于促进中国重化工业创新升级和空间布局优化。