继续教育创新人才培养模式的探讨

从教学理念、遥感科学与技术专业课程教学内容体系、实践教学内容体系、教学方法和手段等方面进行改革;充分利用开放式实验教学创新环境,开展创新性实践教学,充分发挥学生创新能力。探讨了遥感科学与技术专升本创新人才培养的模式。     

丝绸之路经济带沿线省份科技创新效率及其影响因素

将科技创新分解为技术研发和成果转化2个阶段,运用SUPER-SBM模型对丝绸之路经济带沿线省份科技创新效率进行综合评价,并选用面板Tobit模型对技术研发效率和成果转化效率影响因素进行分析。结果表明:总体上,丝绸之路经济带沿线各省份科技创新效率不断提升,但不同省份之间在科技创新的不同阶段效率差距较大。劳动者素质对技术研发效率的提高有显著正向影响,对成果转化效率影响不显著;对外开放对技术研发效率有显著正向影响,而对成果转化效率有显著负向影响;政府支持对技术研发效率影响不显著,对成果转化效率有显著正向影响;产业结构、基础设施对技术研发效率和成果转化效率影响均不显著。     

Overcoming barriers to knowledge exchange for adaptive resource management; the perspectives of Australian marine scientists

The sustainable science-based management of natural resources requires knowledge exchange between scientists and environmental decision-makers; however, evidence suggests that information flow is inhibited by a range of barriers. To date, our understanding of the range and importance of factors limiting knowledge exchange between scientists and decision-makers is based primarily on the perceptions of decision-makers, while the perceptions of scientists have been largely overlooked. This study addresses this knowledge gap by quantitatively assessing the perceptions of scientists, represented by a sample of 78 Australian marine scientists, regarding (i) the role and importance of engaging with environmental decision-makers on a personal level, (ii) the role and importance of engaging with environmental decision-makers at the institutional level, (iii) current barriers to engaging with environmental decision-makers and (iv) options for overcoming barriers to engaging with environmental decision-makers. Survey results suggest that Australian marine scientists feel that they have an obligation to engage decision-makers in their science, and that engaging with and communicating to environmental decision-makers is important on a personal level. This study also identifies a range of barriers that impede engagement activities, including inadequate measures of science impact that do not account for engagement activities, a lack of organisational support for engagement activities, insufficient time to conduct engagement activities in addition to other responsibilities and a lack of funding to support engagement activities. To overcome these barriers, participants identified the need for institutional innovation by research institutions, research funders and decision-making agencies alike to promote a culture whereby knowledge exchange activities are legitimised as core business for research scientists, and recognised and rewarded appropriately. Although difficulties exist in implementing such institutional innovations, doing so will improve two-way knowledge exchange among scientists and decision-makers and improve the likely success of environmental management.     

区域协同创新对创新绩效的影响机制研究

区域协同创新有利于促进区域间创新要素流动,优化科技资源的合理配置,提升区域创新绩效。采用改进的DEA模型,在测度中国62个城市2003～2016年创新绩效的基础上,运用门槛回归模型分析在不同经济发展水平条件下区域协同创新对创新绩效的影响机制。结果表明:①研究期内62个城市的创新绩效整体上在波动中稳步提升,区域创新绩效存在较大的空间非均衡性。②区域协同创新对于区域创新绩效的提升具有促进作用,区域创新绩效与区域协同创新核心解释变量之间存在着非线性关系,专利合作数对区域创新绩效的影响呈现正向双门槛特征,科技论文合作数对区域创新绩效的影响呈现正向单门槛特征,两者对区域创新绩效的影响都随着经济发展水平的提升呈现出不同程度的下降趋势。③科技人员流动量在跨过经济发展水平第一门槛10.088而低于第二门槛10.255时,对创新绩效的促进作用最明显;科技资金流动量在经济发展水平第一门槛9.427以下时对创新绩效的影响最显著。     

西部大开发与西部企业技术创新主体地位

"西部大开发"对提高西部企业的技术创新能力有十分重要的作用,这就涉及到两个关系:企业与政府,西部企业与东部企业.考虑到西部的现状,要保证西部企业在技术创新活动中的主体地位,西部企业应将技术创新的重点放在区域特色产品、资源型产业、旅游业、农林畜牧业等优势产业上.而政府也应推行与之相配套的政策,以保证西部企业在技术创新活动中的主体地位.     

北京大学地貌第四纪学科的创建与发展

1952年全国高校院系调整后,新建的北京大学地质地理系开始了地貌与第四纪方面的教学和研究,标志着北大地貌第四纪学科的建立。65年来,在新构造活动与构造地貌、气候地貌与沉积、流水地貌与沉积、沉积相与比较沉积学、遥感与地理信息系统、第四纪地层与年代学、第四纪气候与环境变迁、海洋地球化学过程与环境演变、环境考古与古代人地关系研究等方面取得了丰硕成果,在一些领域发挥了创新与引领作用,解决了一系列国家建设中面临的问题,为中国地貌第四纪科学的发展做出了重要贡献。在地理学多元化发展的新形势下,北大地貌第四纪学科发展与科学研究将以地球系统科学的视角,加强地貌学与自然地理学各分支以及地球科学其他领域的交叉与融合,深化不同宏观时空尺度演化与现代过程关联的研究、以及影响地貌演化的地球系统各要素及相互作用研究,系统展开气候变化、环境演变与地貌过程的模拟研究,加强地貌第四纪理论研究和新技术新方法的发展与应用,推动中国地貌第四纪科学向更高水平发展。     

东北三省创新全要素生产率增长的时空特征及其发展趋势预测

使用DEA-Malmquist方法在对比1994~2013年间中国东北三省、东部、中部和西部地区之间创新全要素生产率（TFP）时空差异的基础上,分析了东北三省内部创新TFP的时空演变特征,并运用PVAR模型对东北三省创新TFP的发展趋势进行了预测。研究表明：① 从空间格局上看东北三省创新TFP增速略高于西部地区,但低于中部和东部地区;② 东北三省创新TFP增长的主要动力来源于技术进步,在东北三省内部吉林省创新TFP的增长最快,其增长动力主要源于纯效率变化,其次为技术进步;而辽宁省和黑龙江省创新TFP的动力主要是技术进步;③ 预测显示东北三省创新TFP增长幅度未来会逐渐放缓,其增长的主要动力将会由技术进步转变为规模效率的改进。     

上海高新技术企业创新结网影响因子实证分析

在界定上海高新技术产业和行业分类的基础上,基于上海市科委高技术企业年报系统数据,运用结构方程模型分析方法,比较分析了生物医药产业、电子信息产业、新材料产业和高新技术改造传统产业4类高新技术产业创新网络形成过程中的影响因子、影响路径及影响机制。结果表明：① 高新技术企业创新网络形成过程中主要受到企业规模、企业发展阶段和企业影响力等因子的核心影响,且为正向促进作用;② 高新技术产业不同行业创新网络的影响因子存有较大差异,如政府干预因子对新材料产业创新结网影响较大,且通过投入创新活动资金的形式干预创新网络构建,但对其他产业创新结网影响相对较小;③ 所有制、空间区位和中介服务等影响因子对高新技术企业创新结网的影响均较小,甚至不产生作用。通过4个高新技术产业创新网络影响因子的实证分析,总结归纳了高新技术企业创新结网的形成机制。     

Brazil beyond 2020: from deforestation to the energy challenge

The main assumptions and findings are presented on a comparative analysis of three GHG long-term emissions scenarios for Brazil. Since 1990, land-use change has been the most important source of GHG emissions in the country. The voluntary goals to limit Brazilian GHG emissions pledged a reduction in between 36.1% and 38.9% of GHG emissions projected to 2020, to be 6–10% lower than in 2005. Brazil is in a good position to meet the voluntary mitigation goals pledged to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) up to 2020: recent efforts to reduce deforestation have been successful and avoided deforestation will form the bulk of the emissions reduction commitment. In 2020, if governmental mitigation goals are met, then GHG emissions from the energy system would become the largest in the country. After 2020, if no additional mitigation actions are implemented, GHG emissions will increase again in the period 2020–2030, due to population and economic growth driving energy demand, supply and GHG emissions. However, Brazil is in a strong position to take a lead in low-carbon economic and social development due to its huge endowment of renewable energy resources allowing for additional mitigation actions to be adopted after 2020.

Policy relevance

The period beyond 2020 is now relevant in climate policy due to the Durban Platform agreeing a ‘protocol, legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force’ that will have effect from 2020. After 2020, Brazil will be in a situation more similar to other industrialized countries, faced with a new challenge of economic development with low GHG energy-related emissions, requiring the adoption of mitigation policies and measures targeted at the energy system. Unlike the mitigation actions in the land-use change sector, where most of the funding will come from the national budgets due to sovereignty concerns, the huge financial resources needed to develop low-carbon transport and energy infrastructure could benefit from soft loans channelled to the country through nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs).     

长江经济带国土空间开发结构解析

本文从长江经济带在全国国土空间开发格局中的地位以及长江经济带开发空间结构的特征等两个层面,对长江经济带国土空间开发结构进行了解析。通过分析长江经济带在人口经济的集聚功能和长三角地区的辐射功能,以及全球化和区域一体化进程对中国国土空间结构组织的影响,论证了长江经济带的战略地位。通过资源环境承载能力、国土空间开发适宜程度、主体功能定位的数量结构、空间形态结构、以及成因和相互交叉分析,并结合与国家层面相应结构的比较研究,提出了长江经济带的空间格局特征。按照十八届五中全会提出的长江经济带创新发展的要求,对未来长江经济带战略地位和空间结构演变及应对策略等新命题进行了初步探讨。