Damming Knowledge Flows: POWER as a Constraint on Knowledge Pluralism in River Flow Decision-making in the Saskatchewan River Delta

Rivers and dams are increasingly contested venues where knowledge pluralism is critical for effective governance. To navigate change, decision-makers can adopt culturally-sensitive interventions to address the needs of diverse stakeholders and rights holders. Calls for Indigenous flows have become important as dam operators seek to renew their legal and social licenses to operate. Knowledge pluralism is needed to enhance decision-making about flows that better address complexity and change to Indigenous livelihoods and cultural practices. However, leveraging diverse knowledge types to inform these interventions is not simply a matter of changing management practice. Power relations can constrain knowledge pluralism. We contribute an empirical example that links power in a decision-making process about a dam in Saskatchewan, Canada, to the losses experienced by downstream Indigenous communities. This paper operationalizes power to illustrate its methodological utility and documents the interconnected losses, experienced by resources users, resultant from the marginalization of Indigenous knowledge.     

从物联网到人迹网:理论、技术与应用

近几年,物联网快速发展,建立了物质环境在网络数字世界中的映射;移动互联网和智能终端的发展,使人类的日常行为信息越来越多的映射到了网络数字世界中。这些信息与人们在传统网络中的行为数据相比,最大的变革就是有了空间和时间属性,用一个形象的词来描述这类信息那就是"人迹",人迹通过时空互联形成的一种网络,本文叫做"人迹网"。在人迹网出现之前,对于人类社会行为的研究缺乏大规模的实验环境,无法获取完善的人类行为数据。人迹网承载了关于人类社会行为和交互的大规模、客观、实时、连续、动态的现场数据,为人类行为理解和交互规律认识的研究提供坚实基础。同时对人类社会行为的研究,可以为城市、社会、个人等提供科学的行为指导,具有良好的应用和社会意义。本文描述了人迹网的形成,从理论体系、技术方法和和应用实例等方面对人迹网进行了阐述和设计。     

Co-Governance and Local Empowerment? Conservation Partnership Frameworks and Marine Protection at Mimiwhangata,New Zealand

This study examines the conservation partnership activities conducted as part of the Mimiwhangata marine reserve project. This project involved the formation of a partnership between the Department of Conservation (DOC) and an indigenous Maori community, who sought to establish and co-govern a marine reserve at Mimiwhangata, New Zealand (NZ). Drawing on the discourse of contemporary Treaty of Waitangi politics, the article argues that participatory processes can be effective means through which to pursue both positive conservation and social outcomes. However, unless the appropriate legislative framework exists in which meaningful ongoing community involvement and control can be constituted, partnership-based conservation is unlikely to deliver substantial conservation or social gains. Fundamental issues concerning indigenous rights, authority, and control persist within the “partnership” framework, which existing marine reserve governance mechanisms in New Zealand do not resolve.     

The Influence of Culture on Wildfire Mitigation at Peavine Métis Settlement,Alberta, Canada

This article presents findings of a study that explored how culture influenced support for wildfire mitigation in Peavine Métis Settlement, an Aboriginal community located in Alberta, Canada. Community-based research was completed using interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. The results show that cultural factors appeared to influence wildfire mitigation preferences. Participants indicated the current state of the forest was not natural, and that mitigation activities would likely improve forest health. Participants supported Settlement Council-led wildfire mitigation activities at both the residential and community level due to a preference for communal action and collective problem solving. Participants also were found to distrust “outsiders” and preferred programs developed by members of their own community. The results of this study show that wildfire mitigation programs based on local culture can be well supported in an Aboriginal community.     

基于两步移动搜寻法的城市居家养老服务设施可达性研究——以大连市沙河口区低龄老年人为例

基于Arc GIS的两步移动搜寻法可以解决设施(供给)与人口(需求)的空间分布差异性及两者可跨越区界的潜在相互作用。通过对大连市沙河口区常住居家低龄老年人与养老服务设施空间可达性进行实证研究,利用两步移动搜寻法获取各服务设施到人口聚居点的可达性数值并利用Map Info绘制成图,得出89个社区供需间潜在的空间可达性呈现优秀、良好、一般和较差4种结果,为大连沙河口区针对低龄老年人居家养老服务设施的发展规划提供辅助决策支持,也展现了两步移动搜寻法在公共服务空间可达性评价方面的作用。     

Doors and fences: Controlling Indonesia's porous borders and policing asylum seekers

Although the partial outsourcing of state border control to non‐state actors is not a new phenomenon, Indonesia is an interesting case study. Border control in an archipelago consisting of more than 17 000 islands is particularly challenging for state authorities. In addition to contending with the exceptional geography, Indonesia's state authorities are also challenged by the political constellation with Australia in regard to irregular cross‐border movements of asylum seekers that has become a controversial issue in recent history. As an important transit country for asylum seekers and refugees en route to Australia, Indonesia's porous borders have rendered it possible to enter and exit the country relatively easily. Given Australia's political pressure and the financial incentives offered to Indonesia to act as a ‘final bulwark’ and control irregular migration flows more effectively, border control nowadays has gained more significance in Indonesia than in the past. Yet, financial constraints and, more importantly, a lack of political will to host asylum seekers in its own territories for the long term remain as obstacles. Fieldwork observations show that due to ongoing funding restrictions for state‐led border control, state‐society cooperation for border surveillance has increased. Civilians in many hotspots for irregular border crossings have been encouraged to report on ‘suspicious foreigners’. State‐society cooperation for border control, however, offers new opportunities for people smugglers to pay off civilian spies or corrupt border authorities.     

社区分异视角下建成环境对老年人日常休闲行为的影响——以合肥市为例

选取合肥市为案例地,基于问卷调查数据,运用有序Logistic回归模型,探究不同类型社区中建成环境对老年人休闲行为的影响。研究发现：1）不同类型社区中,老年人的休闲活动水平存在显著差异,居住在单位房社区的老年人休闲频率最高,公租房社区最低;大部分老年人休闲活动频率为每周≥3 d,且以散步、跳广场舞、打牌等低强度活动为主。2）在感知建成环境变量中,对社区整体步行环境的感知与单位房社区和商品房社区老年人的日常休闲行为存在正相关;而对社区治安的评价仅对居住在单位房社区的老年人表现出积极影响;居住在公租房社区中的老年人对社区交通便捷度的感知与其日常休闲行为间存在正相关。3）在客观建成环境变量中,土地混合利用度与老年居民日常休闲行为的关系在单位房社区表现为正相关,但在公租房社区呈现负相关;离最近公交站距离越远,商品房和公租房社区老年人的日常休闲行为频率越低;交叉路口的密度对老年人日常休闲行为的负向影响仅表现在单位房社区。4）建成环境对不同休闲频率的老年人表现出差异化影响,单位房社区中,社区治安、社区整体步行环境的满意度和土地混合利用度对中低休闲频率的老年人产生负向影响,对高休闲频率的老年人产生正向影响,而交叉路口密度的作用方向正好相反;商品房社区中,社区整体步行环境的满意度与低休闲频率的老年人呈负向关联,与高休闲频率的老年人呈正向关联,到最近公交车站的距离与二者的关系恰好相反;公租房社区中,低休闲频率的老年人与社区交通便捷度之间呈负相关关系,与土地混合利用度和到最近公交车站的距离呈正相关关系,而中等休闲频率的老年人正好相反,高休闲频率的老年人仅受到社区交通便捷度的积极影响。     

Transitions to adulthood among young entrepreneurs in the informal mobile telephony sector in Accra,Ghana

The rapid expansion of the mobile telephony sector in African countries has been accompanied by the establishment of a wide range of informal support businesses, mostly run by young people. Little is known, however, about the lived experiences of young entrepreneurs working in this rapidly changing, technologically-driven sector. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Accra, this paper explores young people's experiences of running informal businesses within the mobile telephony sector, including the sale of mobile phones and accessories, repair and technical support services, and the sale of airtime and mobile money services. Fateful and critical moments relating to personal and family events, as well as social networks and structural factors, are shown to mediate young entrepreneurs' chances of success in this new ‘niche' economic sub-sector. Despite the challenges they face, the paper illustrates how many of these young people have been able to achieve financial independence, afford rental accommodation, provide support for family members, and establish and sustain households. The mobile telephony sector is shown to be offering young people the opportunity to carve out a living, facilitate transitions into adulthood, and even enable some to move up the social ladder. By highlighting the agency of this group of young people, and for some their success in achieving the status of adulthood through their hard work and ingenuity, this study offers an important counter balance to images of young people in sub-Saharan Africa as being ‘stuck' or in ‘waithood'.     

基于理性选择理论的广州不同类型社区老年人独立居住特征及影响因素

已有研究表明,中国城市有独立居住意愿和实现独立居住安排的老年人比例不断上升,这将对家庭养老和社区治理产生影响.本文基于理性选择理论,利用2018-2019年在广州旧街坊社区、单位社区、保障房社区、商品房社区、城中村社区和城郊农村社区收集的老年人问卷调查数据,从个人理性、家庭理性和社区理性三个层次出发,选取人口、健康、经...