时移地震非线性反演压力与饱和度变化研究

在现有研究基础上提出基于岩石物理模型和混合优化算法的时移地震反演压力、饱和度变化方法.介绍了混合优化算法原理和适用于疏松砂岩的岩石物理模型,建立了非线性反演油藏参数变化的流程.将本方法用于某油田实际数据标定的疏松砂岩岩石物理模型,分析三组地震属性组合与油藏参数的敏感性并进行油藏参数非线性反演,结果表明敏感性不同的三组地震属性组合均能得到正确结果,表明了方法的稳定性与有效性.油藏参数反演结果整体误差小,证明非线性反演方法不受油藏参数变化范围的影响,优于线性化反演方法.     

静止均匀环境中气泡射流特性的研究——形成区及形成后区特性的数值研究(Ⅱ)

采用气-液两相流两方程湍流模型,结合混合有限分析法,对静止环境中气泡射流进行数值模拟和分析。相对各种积分模型,这种模拟气泡射流的微分方程方法具有较强的预报性和普遍的适应性。数值计算结果与试验资料的较好吻合,从而验证了湍流模型和计算方法的有效性和正确性。     

会善寺大雄宝殿结构动力性能分析

为更好保护会善寺大雄宝殿,对会善寺大雄宝殿进行了现场调研,结合点云技术建立并验证其数值分析模型,研究了大雄宝殿的动力特性及在多遇地震作用下的动力响应。结果表明:结构基本自振周期为1.82s,体现石木结构长周期特性;在纵向多遇地震作用下,前檐木柱变形大于后檐石柱,结构除平动外还存在扭转;在横向多遇地震作用下,明间与次间木屋架有较大横向位移差,连接明间与次间木屋架的檩条和枋等纵向构件可能出现较大滑移并导致屋盖错位;在双向地震作用下,结构纵向和横向最大位移是单向地震作用下的1.1~1.2倍,扭转效应比单向地震作用下大。研究结果可为会善寺大雄宝殿及同类建筑的维修加固提供理论支持。     

Development of a ten-element hybrid simulation platform and an adjustable yielding brace for performance evaluation of multi-story braced frames subjected to earthquakes

This paper presents a ten-element hybrid (experimental-numerical) simulation platform, referred to as UT10, which was developed for running hybrid simulations of braced frames with up to ten large-capacity physical brace specimens. This paper presents the details of the development of different components of UT10 and an adjustable yielding brace (AYB) specimen, which was designed to perform hybrid simulations with UT10. As the first application of UT10, a five-story buckling-restrained braced frame and a special concentrically braced frame (BRBF and SCBF) were designed and tested with AYB specimens and buckling specimens representing the braces. Cyclic tests of the AYB, one- and three-element hybrid simulations of the BRBF, and four-element hybrid simulations of the SCBF inside the UT10 confirmed the functionality of UT10 for running hybrid simulations on multiple specimens. The tests also indicated that AYB was capable of producing a stable hysteretic response with characteristics similar to BRBs. Comparison of the results of the hybrid simulations of the BRBF and SCBF with their fully numerical models showed that the modeling inaccuracies of the yielding braces could potentially affect the global response of the multi-story braced frames further emphasizing the need for experimental calibration or hybrid simulation for achieving more accurate response predictions. UT10 provides a simple and reconfigurable platform that can be used to achieve a realistic understanding of the seismic response of multi-story frames with yielding braces, distinguish their modeling limitations, and improve different modeling techniques available for their seismic response prediction.     

Full-scale hybrid test for realistic verification of a seismic upgrading technique of RC frames by BRBs

Scientific research proposing any type of device/technique for seismic protection of buildings is generally based on numerical models that adopt simplifications to make possible extensive analyses. This means that important details of the inelastic response could be neglected. Following this consideration, regardless of the device/technique invented, before it could be put into practice, an experimental verification of the actual structural performance should be conducted by full-scale tests at building level. This issue is investigated in the paper considering seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures by buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) as technique to be validated, while hybrid test is selected as tool for experimental validation at building level. The analysed seismic upgrading technique consists in the insertion of BRBs into the RC frame. The upgrading intervention is designed by a method developed in previous studies. This technique responds to an important need of the society. Indeed, existing RC frames showed high vulnerability in occurrence of past earthquakes when they were not originally conceived to sustain horizontal forces. The hybrid test is selected among the available experimental techniques because it allows the experimentation on full-scale specimens with reasonable cost. In this study, a substructure hybrid test was conducted and the results are here presented to (a) evaluate the effectiveness of the design method of BRBs for seismic upgrading, (b) investigate the integration of BRBs in existing RC frame, and (c) show the potentiality of the substructure hybrid test for the experimental verification of innovative techniques for seismic protection of buildings.     

福建沿海巨蛎属(Crassostrea)牡蛎的种类及其分布

福建省位于我国东南沿海, 海岸线曲折, 港湾众多, 有多条河流入海, 适宜牡蛎栖息繁衍, 是我国牡蛎资源最丰富的地区之一。迄今关于福建沿海牡蛎种类组成及分布情况的研究报道尚少, 鉴于近20余年福建主要海湾经历了高强度的牡蛎养殖, 有必要了解福建沿海牡蛎自然群体的物种组成和数量占比等自然种质资源状况。基于现场调查取样, 结合采用多重种特异性PCR、ITS2杂交种鉴定和CO I测序共同鉴定福建沿海巨蛎属(Crassostrea)牡蛎种类及其分布情况。研究结果表明, 从福建沿海由北至南牡蛎野生种苗海区的19个采样点共960个样品中发现3种巨蛎属牡蛎, 分别是福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)、熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)和香港牡蛎(C. hongkongensis), 并未发现以往报道的近江牡蛎(C. ariakensis)。其中福建牡蛎(607个)占63.23%、熊本牡蛎(343个)占35.73%、香港牡蛎(10个)占1.04%。除个别采样点外, 福建牡蛎和熊本牡蛎在各采样海区均有分布。香港牡蛎仅在泉州湾河口湿地自然保护区(新发现群体)有少量分布。研究结果揭示的福建沿海地区巨蛎属的物种种类及其分布为后续开展牡蛎遗传多样性分析和遗传分化等种群遗传研究提供了关键基础资料, 为牡蛎种质资源的保护和利用打下重要基础。     

Bidirectional substructure pseudo‐dynamic tests and analysis of a full‐scale two‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame

A two‐story buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) frame was tested under bidirectional in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loading to evaluate the BRB stability and gusset plate design. The test comprised pseudo‐dynamic loadings using the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake scaled to the 50%, 10%, and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years and a cyclic regime of increasing amplitudes of up to 3.0% story drift ratio (SDR). The specimen had a unique configuration where the beams were connected to the columns through shear tabs welded to the column flanges and bolted to the beam webs. Stable hysteretic behavior with only minor cracking at the gusset‐to‐column welds was observed under the pseudo‐dynamic tests, with maximum in‐plane and out‐of‐plane SDRs of 2.24% and 1.47% respectively. Stable behavior continued into the cyclic test where fracture of the gusset‐to‐column welds occurred in the first cycle to simultaneous bidirectional SDR of 3.0%. The observed BRB stability is consistent with a methodology developed for BRB frames under simultaneous in‐plane and out‐of‐plane drifts. The specimen behavior was studied using a finite element model. It was shown that gusset plates are subjected to a combination of BRB force and frame action demands, with the latter increasing the gusset‐to‐beam and gusset‐to‐column interface demands by an average of 69% and 83% respectively. Consistent with the test results, failure at the gusset‐to‐column interfaces is computed when frame action demands are included, thus confirming that not considering frame action demands may results in unconservative gusset plate designs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response evaluation of interconnected electrical substation equipment using real‐time hybrid simulation on multiple shaking tables

In an attempt to quantify the conductor cable effect on substation electrical equipment, real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is conducted on interconnected equipment using two shaking tables. For this purpose, the existing RTHS system with advanced control capabilities at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center structural laboratory is enhanced to accommodate the simultaneous use of two shaking tables. An experimental parametric study is conducted to investigate the conductor cable effect using this system with a two‐table RTHS setup. Post insulators of disconnect switches, important components of substations that are usually tested with conventional methods for evaluating their seismic performance, are utilized as experimental substructures for realistic representation of the electrical equipment. Various global and local response parameters, including accelerations, forces, displacements, and strains, are considered to evaluate the effect of the tested conductor cable configuration for a wide range of support structure configurations, which are modeled in the computer as analytical substructures. The experimental parametric study results indicate that the conductor cable has a significant effect on the response of the interconnected equipment over the whole range of investigated support structures and needs to be explicitly considered for seismic testing of electrical equipment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A rate‐dependent constitutive model of high damping rubber bearings: modeling and experimental verification

In this study, a constitutive model of high damping rubber bearings (HDRBs) is developed that allows the accurate representation of the force–displacement relationship including rate‐dependence for shear deformation. The proposed constitutive model consists of two hyperelastic springs and a nonlinear dashpot element and expresses the finite deformation viscoelasticity laws based on the classical Zener model. The Fletcher–Gent effect, manifested as high horizontal stiffness at small strains and caused by the carbon fillers in HDRBs, is accurately expressed through an additional stiffness correction factor α in the novel strain energy function. Several material parameters are used to simulate the responses of high damping rubber at various strain levels, and a nonlinear viscosity coefficient η is introduced to characterize the rate‐dependent property. A parameter identification scheme is applied to the results of the multi‐step relaxation tests and the cyclic shear tests, and a three‐dimensional function of the nonlinear viscosity coefficient η with respect to the strain, and strain rate is thus obtained. Finally, to investigate the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed model for application to the seismic response assessment of bridges equipped with HDRBs, an improved real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) test system based on the velocity loading method is developed. A single‐column bridge was used as a test bed and HDRBs was physically tested. Comparing the numerical and RTHS results, advantage of the proposed model in the accuracy of the predicted seismic response over comparable hysteretic models is demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability analysis of MDOF real‐time dynamic hybrid testing systems using the discrete‐time root locus technique

The time delay resulting from the servo hydraulic systems can potentially destabilize the real‐time dynamic hybrid testing (RTDHT) systems. In this paper, the discrete‐time root locus technique is adopted to investigate the delay‐dependent stability performance of MDOF RTDHT systems. Stability analysis of an idealized two‐story shear frame with two DOFs is first performed to illustrate the proposed method. The delay‐dependent stability condition is presented for various structural properties, time delay, and integration time steps. Effects of delay compensation methods on stability are also investigated. Then, the proposed method is applied to analyze the delay‐dependent stability of a single shaking table RTDHT system with an 18‐DOF finite element numerical substructure, and corresponding RTDHTs are carried out to verify the theoretical results. Furthermore, the stability behavior of a finite element RTDHT system with two physical substructures, loaded by twin shaking tables, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. All experimental results convincingly demonstrate that the delay‐dependent stability analysis on the basis of the discrete‐time root locus technique is feasible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.