How does shear zone nucleate? An example from the Suretta nappe (Swiss Eastern Alps)

In order to address the question of the processes involved during shear zone nucleation, we present a petro-structural analysis of millimetre-scale shear zones within the Roffna rhyolite (Suretta nappe, Eastern central Alps). Field and microscopic evidences show that ductile deformation is localized along discrete fractures that represent the initial stage of shear zone nucleation. During incipient brittle deformation, a syn-kinematic metamorphic assemblage of white mica + biotite + epidote + quartz precipitated at ca. 8.5 ± 1 kbar and 480 ± 50 °C that represent the metamorphic peak conditions of the nappe stacking in the continental accretionary wedge during Tertiary Alpine subduction. The brittle to ductile transition is characterized by the formation of two types of small quartz grains. The Qtz-IIa type is produced by sub-grain rotation. The Qtz-IIb type has a distinct CPO such that the orientation of c-axis is perpendicular to the shear fracture and basal and rhombhoedric slip systems are activated. These Qtz-IIb grains can either be formed by recrystallization of Qtz-IIa or by precipitation from a fluid phase. The shear zone widening stage is characterized by a switch to diffusion creep and grain boundary sliding deformation mechanisms. During the progressive evolution from brittle nucleation to ductile widening of the shear zone, fluid–rock interactions play a critical role, through chemical mass-transfer, metasomatic reactions and switch in deformation mechanisms.     

滇西石鼓杂岩南部早白垩世以来剥露隆升的锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹证据

石鼓杂岩位于青藏高原东南缘经历了多期变质变形作用叠加。为了揭示杂岩体的低温热演化与浅部剥露历史,采集了石鼓杂岩南段石鼓镇-拉巴支村剖面变质岩中的锆石和磷灰石,开展裂变径迹分析。结果表明,石鼓杂岩从早白垩世(133~145Ma)到渐新世(31Ma)经历了一次缓慢的剥露(1.08℃/Ma),而从渐新世开始,其南部经历了较快速的剥露过程(3.23℃/Ma)。磷灰石热史模拟也反映出第二阶段较为快速的冷却过程。结合区域构造分析认为,拉萨与羌塘板块碰撞的远程效应影响早白垩世以来藏东地区地壳结构的调整,导致石鼓杂岩南部出现了第一阶段的剥露作用;而印度与欧亚板块碰撞与后碰撞过程对于石鼓杂岩的新生代剥露具有重要影响。     

Review of Development and Application of High Resolution Global Climate System Model

Climate models have been used as an important tool to quantitatively study climate variability and to predict or project climate change in the future. One of the most important pathways for development and improvement of climate system model is to increase the spatial resolution and improve the corresponding physical parameterization schemes, which is very important for understanding climate change and improving climate prediction skill. Based on a brief introduction of the importance of developing high-resolution global climate system model, a review of recent progresses in the development and application of high-resolution models was summarized. The paper also introduced the current situation and problems for the development and evaluation of high-resolution models and focused on the key scientific and technical bottlenecks which restrict the development of high-resolution models, including the development of dynamic framework of the high-resolution ocean and atmospheric models and massive high performance parallel computing, the improvement of the sub-grid physical parameterization scheme, and mesoscale air-sea interaction. Meanwhile, the scientific objects and experiments design of the international high resolution climate model intercomparison project (HiResMIP) of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) was introduced. Finally, we prospect the future developments and evaluations of high-resolution climate models in China was proposed.     

对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒编码蛋白的相互作用研究

采用Matchmaker酵母双杂交系统,将对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infection hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)编码蛋白NS1、NS2和CP序列分别构建到酵母猎物载体p GADT7和诱饵载体p GBKT7上,分别转化至酵母AH109以检测重组猎物载体和诱饵载体的自激活作用及对宿主的毒性作用,发现无自激活作用和毒性作用,随后将重组猎物载体和诱饵载体两两共转至酵母AH109中,涂布于SD/-Leu/-Trp固体培养基上,再点种至SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-α-gal固体培养基以鉴定编码蛋白间的相互作用。表型鉴定结果显示,只有共转化有p GADT7-CP/p GBKT7-CP的酵母重组子能够在SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-α-gal上生长并显蓝,而其它重组子均不能在其上生长,表明病毒的CP能够自身互作,而其他编码蛋白间无相互作用。为了进一步研究病毒CP自身互作的作用位点,分别从CP的N端和C端截短若干个氨基酸序列,结果发现CP的自身互作是高度敏感的,任何较少氨基酸序列的缺失都将导致其自身互作的丧失。本研究为深入探讨病毒的组装机制和致病机理奠定了理论基础。     

数据稀缺生态系统中多种类质量谱模型的构建

多种类生态模型已经被广泛应用于渔业活动影响应预测和管理措施效果评估。质量谱模型是一种基于生理过程构建的生态模型,该模型为描述鱼类群落在个体摄食变异和随个体发生的生态位迁移提供了一个可行的方法。尽管生态模型在增进生态系统认识上具有重要意义,其应用在数据稀缺的渔业中受到很大限制。作为实践基于生态系统渔业管理(EBFM)的第一步,本研究构建了海州湾鱼类群落的质量谱模型。本研究详述了数据收集和模型参数化的过程,以促进该模型在数据稀缺的生态系统中未来的应用。作为一个范例,研究展示了不同捕捞努力量对生态系统的影响,并采用一套生态指标监测其动态。群落生物量、多样性指数、W指数,大鱼指数(LFI),平均体重和群落质量谱斜率对捕捞压力的响应呈非线性,最大的捕捞强度并非总是对鱼类群落产生最强的影响。本文强调了构建谱模型在生态研究中的的价值和可行性,并讨论了模型的局限性和改进的可能。本研究旨在促进质量谱模型的广泛应用以更好地支持基于生态系统的渔业管理。     

安徽庐枞盆地泥河铁矿床成矿流体性质:来自He-Ar-H-O同位素的证据

安徽庐江泥河铁矿床位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞中生代火山岩盆地,受控于切穿至Moho面的罗河-缺口断裂,矿床具有典型玢岩型铁矿的特征。泥河铁矿床硬石膏-透辉石-磁铁矿阶段流体3He/4He=0.14~0.76Ra(平均0.3548Ra),40Ar/36Ar=262.2~364.9(平均299.3),δ18OSMOW=-2.16‰~5.04‰,δDSMOW=-40.7‰~-34.8‰;硬石膏-黄铁矿-磁铁矿阶段流体3He/4He=0.0108~0.1301Ra(平均0.0697Ra),40Ar/36Ar=221.4~401.4(平均315.1),δDSMOW=-31.8‰~-15.4‰,δ18OSMOW=-2.72‰~1.88‰;高岭石-硬石膏-石英-黄铁矿阶段流体3He/4He=0.0162~0.0223Ra(平均0.0193Ra),40Ar/36Ar=312.5~367.6(平均340.05),δDSMOW=-25‰~-8‰,δ18OSMOW=-6.59‰~-4.89‰。成矿流体的同位素特征显示,幔源流体可能参与了泥河铁矿床早期的成矿作用,后期改造型饱和大气降水逐步加入并占据成矿作用的主导地位。研究结果表明,长江中下游地区中生代强烈的壳幔相互作用,是形成区域巨量金属矿床的重要机制,区域的深大断裂构成了幔源岩浆、幔源物质参与浅部成矿的通道。     

多跨海底管道横流向涡激振动预报模型

基于欧拉-伯努力梁理论确定了多跨管道结构振动方程,采用非线性Van der pol方程描述旋涡脱落的尾流动力特性,利用弹簧模拟两端和中间的复杂边界约束,构建了多跨海底管道横流向涡激振动预报模型。基于模态正交性展开流-固耦合作用方程,对各阶主坐标响应进行数值求解。对比了本模型预报结果与试验结果、软件分析以及DNV规范推荐值,吻合情况比较理想。本模型可为深海多跨管道涡激振动的研究、防范和治理提供有效的分析方法。     

Barotropic processes associated with the development of the Mei-yu precipitation system

The barotropic processes associated with the development of a precipitation system are investigated through analysis of cloud-resolving model simulations of Mei-yu torrential rainfall events over eastern China in mid-June 2011. During the model integration period, there were three major heavy rainfall events: 9–12, 13–16 and 16–20 June. The kinetic energy is converted from perturbation to mean circulations in the first and second period, whereas it is converted from mean to perturbation circulations in the third period. Further analysis shows that kinetic energy conversion is determined by vertical transport of zonal momentum. Thus, the prognostic equation of vertical transport of zonal momentum is derived, in which its tendency is associated with dynamic, pressure gradient and buoyancy processes. The kinetic energy conversion from perturbation to mean circulations in the first period is mainly associated with the dynamic processes. The kinetic energy conversion from mean to perturbation circulations in the third period is generally related to the pressure gradient processes.     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.     

Estimating Population Attribute Values in a Table: “Get Me Started in” Iterative Proportional Fitting

Iterative proportional fitting (IPF) is a technique that can be used to adjust a distribution reported in one data set by totals reported in others. IPF is used to revise tables of data where the information is incomplete, inaccurate, outdated, or a sample. Although widely applied, the IPF methodology is rarely presented in a way that is accessible to nonexpert users. This article fills that gap through discussion of how to operationalize the method and argues that IPF is an accessible and transparent tool that can be applied to a range of data situations in population geography and demography. It offers three case study examples where IPF has been applied to geographical data problems; the data and algorithms are made available to users as supplementary material.