European conquest, Indian subjection and the conflicts of colonization: Brazil in the early modern era

This paper discusses the questions that emerged from the contact established by Europeans and Indians during the early modern era in what is today Brazil. It aims at demonstrating that dual structuralist models, which overemphasize material arguments of economic expansion and place conquerors and conquered in opposite ends, fail to grasp the rich cultural history embedded in the encounters that took place in that period. Colonization was a multifarious process that involved dealing with incompatible world views and often resulted in a complex history of temporary alliances, of conflict and strife, of negotiation and dialogue. The conquest and appropriation of the Brazilian territory, and the questions that they provoked, did not always put Europeans and Indians one against the other: not rarely, colonization demanded that the Europeans allied themselves to the natives against other Europeans, and that the natives allied themselves to Europeans against other natives. Even the control of the colony by the mother country should not be understood as a top-down movement, for metropolitan policies did not always have the expected answer from the colony or had differentiated social and spatial impacts there. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

人地关系视角下的乡村居民休闲空间变迁研究——以江汉平原为例

通过案例分析、文献检索、实地调研等方法,基于人地关系的基本理论,以江汉平原为例,探索乡村居民休闲空间的历史变迁和结构要素特征。结果表明:江汉平原乡村居民休闲空间经历4个变迁阶段。原始文明时期,乡村地域空间要素缺乏,原始部落中央广场形成休闲空间雏形,表现为空间开放特征;农耕文明时期,乡村地域空间要素基本形成,散落的乡村空间格局致使休闲空间相对分散,表现为空间区隔特征;工业文明时期,乡村地域空间要素逐渐成熟,乡村休闲空间被外来游客占据享用,表现为空间掠夺特征;生态文明时期,休闲空间要素稳定完善,人地和谐共生,人人共享休闲空间,表现为空间共融特征。     

Savage Jaguars,King Cats,and Ghostly Tigres: Affective Logics and Predatory Natures in Twentieth-Century American Nature Writing

The emerging subfield of historical animal geography provides an opportunity to trace the origins and evolutions of how affective logics framing the conservation of an animal species are co-constituted through embodied interaction between humans and nonhumans, revealing the dynamic ways in which charismatic species are imagined into and out of positions of priority within conservation agendas. This article takes an interest in the shifting perception of predatory species in the environmental conservation movement in the United States, looking to the appearance of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the work of prominent U.S. nature writers Theodore Roosevelt, Ernest Thompson Seton, and Aldo Leopold in the early- to mid-twentieth century. These human–jaguar entanglements reveal a period marked by dynamic changes in the ways in which interspecies encounters were constituted in place; a layering on of affective logics that reveal the complicated origins, practices, and potentialities at the outset of the modern conservation movement. The resulting narratives and images of predatory nature were taken up into dynamic assemblages of jaguar-ness, influencing the formation of new logics that framed public perceptions of predatory natures and provoking a reconsideration of long-held attitudes and policies toward these species.     

岩相剖面的定量历史沉积学分析

岩相剖面的定量历史沉积学分析是以动力沉积学分析为基础、以数学地质为方法、以计算机为工具的定性-定量分析法.它主要包括马尔科夫链模型中的转移概率矩阵分析,置换分析,极限概率和马尔科夫链的首达时间分析,熵分析和时间序列分析,本文侧重从地质学的角度阐述了它们的原理和方法。     

鲁南地区地震活动性异常与苍山ML5.6级地震

利用《地震学分析预报方法程式指南》中的方法分析了鲁南地区的地震活动性异常，发现在苍山ＭＬ５．６级地震前，鲁南地区２３个月无ＭＬ≥２．５级地震；在１９８５年６月新泰ＭＬ４．１级地震以后，ＭＬ≥３．０级地震主要集中在新泰苍山莒县之间的三角地带；１９７４年以后沿苍尼断裂的ＭＬ≥３．０级地震都发生在５．６级地震震中附近。地震应变能释放自１９８年以后出现较明显的加速过程；ｂ值、地震活动度Ｓ值、最大震级缺震曲线均出现低值异常。     

A Historical Record of Coastal Floods in Britain: Frequencies and Associated Storm Tracks

This paper examines flood frequencies in three coastal sectors of Britain and analyses the associated storm tracks and their principal pathways. The results indicate that the east coast of Britain has suffered most floods over the last 200 years. The frequencies of flood incidents in the south and southwest coast of Britain have increased, particularly during the 20th century, whereas on the west coast flood frequencies have declined. Three distinctive pathways of storm track are identified, related to flood incidents in each coastal sector. A southern pathway in a corridor along the 55° N parallel is associated with flood incidents recorded on the south and southwest coast, whilst storms that are associated with floods on the west coast concentrate along the 60° N parallel. The relationship between the frequencies of floods and climatic variations needs to be explored further. However, the development of coastal settlements has certainly increased vulnerability, and hence the risk of flood disasters.     

利用多时次资料的EOF迭代温度长期预报

考虑多时次历史资料，基于ＥＯＦ迭代方案，将观测事实与统计方法结合，建立预报因子与预报对象的联系，开展长期预报试验。对四川盆地夏季温度的预报表明：这种容纳多时次资料、基于ＥＯＦ迭代的物理－统计预报方法是一种有效的长期预报途径。     

历史地震图数据库及共享平台

历史地震图纸是记录历史地震的重要资料,在进行电子化之前,图纸的唯一性限制了其大范围共享的可能。电子化处理是抢救和保护历史地震图纸的重要手段,可以有效发挥其使用及研究价值,具有重要意义。为此研制历史地震图数据库及共享平台,对北京国家地球观象台现存的60万张历史地震图纸进行高精度(600 dpi)扫描和规则化命名,利用数据库和FastDFS分布式文件系统进行统一存储,并采用多级缩略图和网络服务方式提供数据共享服务。     

钙基液态水硬性加固剂用于潮湿土遗址的加固保护

通过对钙基液态水硬性加固剂的研制,对潮湿环境土遗址的加固保护进行了探索性研究。X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）分析结果表明,已成功制出了潮湿土样水硬性加固所需的纳米材料。同时,研究发现,氢氧化钙在650 ℃下用马弗炉煅烧1.5 h后,可得到直径约50 nm、长度约200 nm的针状二次生石灰;这种二次生石灰经水消化后,会成为粒径在200～300 nm左右、大小十分均匀的扁平椭圆状纳米氢氧化钙颗粒;氧化钙在密封陈化一段时间后,也可使氢氧化钙的粒径达到纳米级。土样加固试验的结果显示,纳米石灰的乙醇分散液的渗透性优于分析纯氢氧化钙,钙基水硬性加固剂对潮湿土样的加固效果较为明显,有望成为一种适合于潮湿环境土遗址加固的新型材料。     

19世纪后半叶至20世纪初叶梅雨带位置的初步推断

提取《湘绮楼日记》中1869~1916年间长沙、衡阳地区夏半年(4~9月)的逐日天气记录,重建4~9月逐旬平均降水日数序列和6~7月逐候平均降水日数序列,与现代(1951~1980)长沙气象观测数据进行对比,发现当时梅雨期结束于7月3候,较现代推迟2候;梅雨持续时间2~3旬,比现代长约1旬。参考物候信息(历年平均蝉始鸣日期)得出结论:19世纪后半叶至20世纪初,冬季风势力强于现代,压制了副热带高压北进,当时梅雨带位置较现代偏南1~2个纬度。长衡地区因此较现代更接近梅雨带中心,出现了更明显的梅雨。