Pedodiversity and pedogenesis in Zayandeh-rud Valley, Central Iran

A geomorphic hierarchical downscaling method was used to decompose the forms and processes forming the landscapes and their subdivisions in the main region of Zayandeh-rud Valley. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of soil heterogeneity and to check if K-entropy would be a good measure of soil evolution. Soil diversity analyses were performed considering soil families as individuals of soil entities in each geomorphic or taxonomic category level. Pedodiversity indices were used to follow the trend of soil and landscape evolution. The relationships between K-entropy (Shannon diversity index) and pedo-richness versus increasing area were analyzed to find out the effects of soil–landscape evolution on complexity of soil patterns in different geomorphic surfaces. Entropy–age relationship was studied to check the pedogenetic pathways responsible for soil landscape evolution. The soil diversity increases as geomorphic and taxonomic hierarchy levels decrease. The diversity indices were high when the sequence of soil horizons in a homogeneous family was also investigated. An increase in K-entropy of soil and landscape during time confirms the hypothesis of soil divergence evolution, whereby differences in initial conditions or local perturbations, and dynamic instability appear to have produced more variable soils and landscapes in the study area.     

Site selection for water harvesting ponds using spatial multi-criteria analysis in a region with fluctuating climate

The purpose of this research was to identify suitable sites for water harvesting ponds using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA). In total, 12 spatial data-sets were used for this research, 14 criteria have been selected for defining a proper sink, and each of these criteria is converted into the common scale differently based on whether one is a constraint or a factor. The defined sinks were evaluated by nine constraints and five factors analysis, sequentially. At the end of the factor analysis, the proper sinks were divided into four classes, namely: unsuitable, marginally, moderately and highly suitable. Ground truth observation was carried at randomly selected 13 proper sinks. Overall accuracy of site selection for water harvesting ponds using SMCA was 92.3%. Due to the very different natural zones and fluctuating climate of Mongolia, spatial factors for SMCA were standardized instead of using interval divisions.     

滇东岩溶断陷盆地水资源脆弱性评价

滇东岩溶断陷盆地区独特的"土在楼上,水在楼下"的岩溶地质地貌特征,导致水资源脆弱性问题逐步突出.当前水资源成为限制当地居民生活、区域经济发展和生态健康的重要因素之一.本研究以滇东断陷盆地中32区县为例,采用经典DPSIR模型为基础构建评价模型,选取水资源开发利用率、人均水资源量等具有代表性的18个指标构建水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,使用熵值法和层次分析法相互结合进行赋权,对滇东岩溶断陷盆地石漠化区的水资源脆弱性进行了评估.结果表明:滇东岩溶断陷盆大部分区县水资源脆弱性为中度及重度脆弱,其中马龙县、华宁县、罗平县为轻度脆弱.禄劝县、开远市、个旧市和泸西县等县为重度脆弱区,耕地石漠化面积比、人均水资源量、供蓄水比、生态需水满足率以及万元工业增加值用水量是驱动该区域水资源脆弱的关键因素.通过该区域水资源脆弱性评估,本研究有针对性地提出了滇东岩溶断陷盆水资源适应性管理对策,为有效缓解该区域水资源脆弱性提供科学依据.     

华北典型河道地下水回补效果评价

针对华北地区严重的地下水超采问题,选取河北境内的滹沱河、滏阳河、南拒马河3条补水河道的试点河段开展地下水回补效果评价。采用层次分析法,建立了包括入渗回补率、地下水水位回升率、水质改善度、水面面积变化率、水生态改善度和公众满意度等6项指标的地下水回补效果评价指标体系;选择简便实用的指标计算方法对河段补水前后指标的变化进行计算分析,并对生态补水的效果进行评价分级。结果表明：补水结束时,滹沱河、滏阳河、南拒马河3条试点河段的平均入渗回补率为65%,地下水水位相对回升率为分别为36%,17%,6%,水质改善度依次为51%,34%,90%,水面面积总计增加了8.56 km²,水生态改善度依次为46%,87%,94%,公众满意度分别为90%,90%,80%。利用建立的地下水回补效果评价方法计算滹沱河、滏阳河、南拒马河综合得分分别为84,47,64分,评价等级分别为"非常好" "一般" "较好"。3条试点河段评价结果与实际补水效果基本一致。     

基于层次分析法的盘锦湿地生态评价

根据多年对盘锦湿地的调查研究,参照国内外湿地生态评价的指标和方法,选用反映湿地生态服务功能、生态保护功能和社会文化价值的12项指标,运用层次分析法对盘锦湿地进行生态评价.评价结果显示,盘锦湿地整体生态环境较好,其中均化洪水功能、调节气候功能、旅游观光价值、保护生物多样性、生态系统稳定性等功能,在决定湿地价值时起着重要作用.评价结果CEI值为0.7082,在（0.7,1]之间,表明盘锦湿地整体生态环境较好.针对盘锦湿地,地面沉降问题、地表土壤、植被的破坏、环境污染问题、地下水过量开采问题,提出了相应的对策,为湿地保护和开发利用提供参考.     

艺术介入乡村：两种乡村发展转型典型模式的多级效益比较分析

在明晰国内艺术介入乡村内涵与典型模式的基础上,以马斯洛需求层次理论建构并解析艺术介入乡村的效益层次体系,并选取广州市小洲村、凤和村为典型案例,通过田野调查等方法识别艺术家主导型与资本主导型两种艺术介入模式的效益特征与问题。结果表明：1）艺术介入乡村是在乡村振兴背景下,政府、资本、艺术家与文化团体等主体,通过艺术实践实现乡村景观重构、综合经济效益、社区营造治理、地方文化传承等多级效益的乡村振兴典型模式。依据不同的驱动主体,可将艺术介入乡村模式主要划分为艺术家主导型和资本主导型两种类型。2）艺术介入乡村具有物质、经济、社会、文化四级效益,呈现逐级递进的特征。3）艺术家主导型在实现高层级效益方面作用显著,低层级效益有所欠缺;资本主导型在实现低层级效益方面作用显著,高层级效益有所欠缺。4）构建资本与艺术家协同、政府支持、村民参与的多方合作模式,能够综合两种模式的效益优势,使艺术介入的乡村实践更具推广性。     

Biodiversity offsets for offshore wind farm projects: The current situation in Europe

The European Union׳s energy policy aims to increase the proportion of energy derived from renewable sources in Europe. Marine renewable energy, offshore wind energy especially, contributes to the renewable energy mix. Offshore wind farms appear to be clean, and are supported by governments and NGOs as a way to reduce the use of conventional energy resources and thus decrease greenhouse gas emissions. However, developing infrastructure in marine areas can impact marine ecosystems. European directives ask offshore wind farm developers to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including a mitigation hierarchy, i.e. envisaging measures that would avoid, reduce, and if possible offset significant adverse effects on ecosystems and human activities. This paper reviews EIA reports from seven European countries and is focused on impacts on the open water marine environment. According to the reports, measures have been taken for avoiding and reducing impacts, so there should be no significant negative residual impacts and hence no need of offsets. But the mitigation hierarchy for ecological impacts seems to have been incompletely implemented, because it is unlikely that there are no significant residual impacts. The paper proposes some technical and ecological explanations, followed by some governance and social explanations, for the absence of biodiversity offsets.     

日照市海岸带地质环境质量评价研究

选取层次分析法、综合指数法为主要研究方法,在充分分析和借鉴前人研究经验的基础上,建立了适合日照市海岸带地质环境状况的评价指标体系,对日照市海岸带目前的地质环境质量进行了总体评价,将日照市海岸带地质环境质量划分为优等区、良好区、中等区和较差区4类。     

CINRAD/SA雷达运行状态评价技术研究

传统CINRAD/SA雷达运行状态评估方法主要依靠雷达的平均无故障时间,未考虑雷达各组成部件对雷达整机正常运行的影响权重。此外,单纯依靠分值评价也不便于对雷达的运行维护工作进行评价。该文通过对雷达部件进行层次划分,给出不同部件对于雷达正常运行影响的权重,进而计算雷达运行状态分值,在运行状态分值的基础上,通过隶属度函数,计算等级评价结果与隶属度。在全国范围内选择了8部CINRAD/SA的历史故障数据进行了验证,结果表明评价结果与雷达的实际运行保障情况是相符的。     

福建海岸侵蚀风险评价研究

海岸侵蚀和淤积一直存在于海岸带系统内并塑造着现在的海岸线,近年来不当的人类活动以及全球气候变化加剧了海岸侵蚀,导致沿海土地流失,威胁人类生命财产安全。本文构建了海岸侵蚀风险评价理论体系,阐述了海岸侵蚀风险评价的方法,为海岸侵蚀风险管理提供有效指导。运用层析分析法确定评价指标权重;根据模糊集理论合成海岸侵蚀风险等级。以福建省海岸带为例,进行了海岸侵蚀风险评价,编绘了风险评价图,评价结果与客观情况比较吻合,验证了文中理论方法的适用性。本文构建的海岸侵蚀风险评价理论体系可以推广到其他区域,但应根据实际情况适当调整指标个数以及指标权重。