民用机场区域服务能力的结构与空间格局——以长江经济带民用机场体系为例

基于航空运输过程的完整性,认为民用机场对区域的服务能力取决于机场经由陆路集疏运体系与腹地的连通性,以及机场通过航线网络与其他机场的连通性两方面,据此构建了机场陆侧、空侧及综合服务能力评价方法。长江经济带民用机场体系的实证研究表明,机场间陆侧、空侧以及综合服务能力均呈明显差异,差异程度空侧显著高于陆侧,综合服务能力最低;长三角、长江中游和长江上游三大区域间机场差异与区域内部机场差异共同导致了经济带机场陆侧服务能力的总体差异,但区域内部机场间的差异是形成空侧和综合服务能力总体差异的主要因素;根据服务能力指数的自然间断,将机场划分为高、较高、中等、较低、低5个等级,则陆侧、空侧和综合服务能力等级结构均呈金字塔特征。在空间格局上,受陆路交通网络发展以及区域经济与人口密度等影响,陆侧服务能力由长三角往上游地区呈梯度下降态势;受机场所在城市经济社会特征、综合交通发展与竞争等的综合作用,空侧服务能力呈长三角与上游高于中游地区的“鞍形”格局;综合服务能力沪蓉、沪昆两大交通主轴串联的城市区域相对优于腹地,在三大区域则均存在明显的核心-外围格局,但总体水平由长三角往上游地区呈梯度递减。     

基于社会网络的全球集装箱海运网络层次体系与派系划分

全球集装箱海运网络层次体系与派系划分对深入了解全球集装箱港口布局和分工及港口投资建设等具有重要的参考价值。基于全球10 大集装箱班轮公司的航运数据,以海运国家为节点构建全球集装箱航运网络,运用社会网络分析方法,采用“核心-边缘”模型,从国家间海运联系广度和国家间海运联系强度两个角度对全球集装箱海运网络进行层次体系划分,并且应用社会网络分析中的C 层次派系法对全球集装箱海运联系网络进行派系划分。结果表明：根据联系广度和联系强度划分出的全球集装箱海运网络“核心-边缘”结构并不相同。但是,中国、荷兰、新加坡、德国、巴西、阿联酋和法国这7 个国家在两种层次划分方法中都处于核心区,可见这7 个国家在全球集装箱海运网络中不仅在连通性上处于核心枢纽位置,在功能性上也处于核心地位。在C层次派系法中,从区域性上看,跨区域派系较少。     

War landform mapping and classification on the Verdun battlefield (France) using airborne LiDAR and multivariate analysis

Acting as efficient earth-movers, soldiers can be viewed as significant geomorphological drivers of landscape change when replaced in the recent debates on Anthropocene Geomorphology. ‘Polemoforms’, generated by military activities, correspond with a set of human-made landforms of various sizes and geometries. They are particularly common on the World War One battlefield of Verdun (France) which ranks among the largest battles of attrition along the Western Front. The artillery bombardments and building of defensive positions in that battle significantly altered the landscape, resulting in thousands of shell craters, dugouts, and gun positions that have altered both the meso and microtopography. This paper proposes an innovative methodology to make an exhaustive inventory of these small-scale conflict-induced landforms (excluding linear features such as trenches) using a digital terrain model (DTM) acquired by airborne LiDAR on the whole battlefield. Morphometric analysis was conducted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOMs) and hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) in order to quantify and classify the high number of war landforms. This combined approach allowed for mapping more than one million landforms which can be classified into eight different shapes including shell craters and various soldier-made landforms (i.e. shelters, gun positions, etc.). Detection quality evaluation using field observations revealed the algorithm successfully classified 93% of shell craters and 74% of anthropologically constructed landforms. Finally, the iconographic database and map series produced will help archaeologists and foresters to better manage the historic site of Verdun, today covered by a large forest of ~10 000 ha. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated watershed subdivision for simulations using multi-objective optimization

A qualitative trial-and-error approach is commonly used to define watershed subdivisions through varying a single topographic threshold value. A methodology has been developed to quantitatively determine spatially variable threshold values using topography and a user-defined landscape reference layer. Optimization and topographic parameterization algorithms were integrated to create solutions that minimize the number of sub-watersheds and maximize the agreement between the discretized watershed and the reference layer. The system was evaluated using different reference datasets such as soil type, land management, and landscape form. Comparison of simulated results indicated that the scenario using land management as the reference layer yielded results closer to the scenario subdivided using a constant topographic threshold but with approximately 10 times more sub-catchments and therefore indicating customization of the watershed subdivision to the user-defined reference layer. The proposed optimization technology could be used in adequately applying watershed modeling technology in developing conservation practice implementation plans.     

华北板块奥陶纪牙形石生物地层研究回顾及在西北缘区新进展

牙形石在以碳酸盐岩为主的华北奥陶系划分对比中占有举足轻重的地位。针对华北奥陶纪牙形石的研究已持续近半个世纪,总体上可以分为两个阶段:第一阶段自20世纪70年代到21世纪初,第二阶段为最近10年(2010—2020)。第一阶段以建立牙形石生物地层序列为目标,主要为解决石油勘探过程中地层时代的确定和地层对比的需求;第二阶段的研究以修订化石带为主,目的是与国际地层研究接轨。近年来在华北板块西北缘的工作显示,该区奥陶纪牙形石在纵向上具有显著的生态变化,可分为达瑞威尔期中期、达瑞威尔期晚期—桑比期中期、桑比期晚期—凯迪期中期3个时段。第一时段以介于北美中大陆区和北大西洋区之间的热带台地边缘型牙形石为特征;第二时段以北大西洋型为主混有少量亚澳型牙形石为特征;第三时段以亚澳型和北美中大陆型牙形石混生为特征。在华北西北缘尽可能使用广布性标准牙形石属种进行化石带厘定,共识别牙形石带12个,自下而上分别是达瑞威尔期Histiodella cf. holodentata间隔带、Histiodella kristinae谱系带、Histiodella bellburnensis延限带、Dzikodus tablepointensis间隔带、Eoplacognathus suecicus间隔带、Pygodus serra间隔带和Pygodus anserinus(早期型)间隔亚带,桑比期Pygodus anserinus(晚期型)间隔亚带和Belodina compressa间隔带,凯迪期Belodina confluens间隔带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis间隔带和Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis间隔带。由于部分化石带与国际同名带的对比还存在一些矛盾,尚需今后进一步解决。     

胶州湾工程地质环境质量综合评价区划

选取底质成分、基岩类型、第四系厚度、水深、基岩坡度、潮流流速、波高、构造发育情况共８个因素作为评价指标,利用模糊数学方法对胶州湾工程地质环境质量进行定量评价,将研究区划分为工程地质环境稳定区、次稳定区、次不稳定区、不稳定区,阐述了各区存在的工程隐患,研究成果对胶州湾开发建设具一定的指导意义。     

城市河流生态系统健康评价初探

健康的河流生态系统已经成为公认的河流管理目标,采用河流生态系统健康理论来研究城市河流问题,具有较强的理论与现实意义。在城市河流生态系统健康概念内涵剖析的基础上,提出了包含水量、水质、水生生物、物理结构与河岸带5大要素的指标体系及其"很健康、健康、亚健康、不健康、病态"5级评价标准,建立了模糊层次综合评价程序与模型。并以宁波市河流为例进行实证研究,明确各河流的健康状况及限制因子,为其保护、维育与修复提供了决策依据。     

Supervised Mineral Classification with Semiautomatic Training and Validation Set Generation in Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Images of Thin Sections

This paper addresses the problem of classifying minerals common in siliciclastic and carbonate rocks. Twelve chemical elements are mapped from thin sections by energy dispersive spectroscopy in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Extensions to traditional multivariate statistical methods are applied to perform the classification. First, training and validation sets are grown from one or a few seed points by a method that ensures spatial and spectral closeness of observations. Spectral closeness is obtained by excluding observations that have high Mahalanobis distances to the training class mean. Spatial closeness is obtained by requesting connectivity. Second, class consistency is controlled by forcing each class into 5–10 subclasses and checking the separability of these subclasses by means of canonical discriminant analysis. Third, class separability is checked by means of the Jeffreys–Matusita distance and the posterior probability of a class mean being classified as another class. Fourth, the actual classification is carried out based on four supervised classifiers all assuming multinormal distributions: simple quadratic, a contextual quadratic, and two hierarchical quadratic classifiers. Overall weighted misclassification rates for all quadratic classifiers are very low for both the training (0.25–0.33%) and validation sets (0.65–1.13%). Finally, the number of rejected observations in routine runs is checked to control the performance of the SEM image acquisition and the classification. Although the contextual classifier performs marginally best on the validation set, the simple quadratic classifier is chosen in routine classifications because of the lower processing time required. The method is presently used as a routine petrographical analysis method at Norsk Hydro Research Centre. The data can be approximated by a Poisson distribution. Accordingly, the square root of the data has constant variance and a linear classifier can be used. Near orthogonal input data, enable the use of a minimum distance classifier. Results from both linear and quadratic minimum distance classifications are described briefly.     

柴达木盆地昆2井古近系下干柴沟组上、下段分界探讨

青海油田和中国石油大学（北京）合作,在柴达木盆地昆2井井深5120～5140 m发现南星介化石带。通过对比柴西地区和柴北缘地区南星介化石带的发现层位,并将该化石带顶界在地震剖面上进行标定追索,认为南星介（Austrocypris）是柴达木盆地下干柴沟组下段上部的标准化石。从发现南星介化石并标定有T4反射界面的冷科1井（或深88井）开始,沿地震测线向昆2井进行追索,经时深转换,将昆2井5040 m处标定为下干柴沟组上段与下段的分界。两井之间T4（下干柴沟组上、下段分界）、南星介化石带顶界和T5 （下干柴沟组底）呈3条平行线,表明其得到闭合验证,下干柴沟组上、下段的分界划分合理。因此,生物地层学与地震地层学相结合,可以有效地对比柴达木盆地陆相新生界红色碎屑岩区的地层。     

p型自适应有限单元法及其在岩土工程中的应用

详细地介绍了p型自适应有限元的基本理论及其发展过程,总结了p型自适应有限元的误差估计方法、自适应升阶策略以及加速收敛技术,并将p型自适应有限元法应用于岩土工程的三维弹粘塑性分析、三维动力响应分析以及三维渗流分析中,最后提出了p型自适应有限单元法中亟待解决的问题及今后的研究方向。