半干旱地区卷云特征的激光雷达探测

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站( SACOL) 2007年4～1 1月微脉冲激光雷达(MPL-4 B)观测资料,统计分析了卷云的高度、厚度及其变化特征.采用透过率方法计算了卷云光学厚度,得到了卷云光学厚度与卷云厚度和云底高度的相关关系.结果表明,SACOL卷云出现的平均海拔高度为10.16±1.32 km;卷云厚度...     

湛江市辖区似大地水准面模型的确定

简要介绍了区域似大地水准面模型的精化方法,通过基础框架网及高精度水准网的布设,利用高阶地球重力场模型EGM2008、高精度GPS、水准数据及高分辨率数字地形模型(DTM)建立了湛江市辖区分辨率为2 km×2km格网的似大地水准面模型。     

中国海洋产业发展的地区差距变动及空间集聚分析

采用基尼系数、变异系数、加权变异系数等指标,分析了20世纪90年代海洋经济发展的地区差距以及海洋产业空间集聚的变动趋势。得出以下结论,90年代前半期,我国海洋经济的相对地区差距缩小,后半期有所扩大。90年代多种海洋产业在同一地区的空间集聚减弱。其中,1995年到2000年多种海洋产业的空间集聚加剧。我国海洋经济地区差异与多种海洋产业的同一空间集聚表现为相同的变动过程。     

公开DEM辅助无地面控制点国产卫星影像定位方法

在全球测绘的背景下,为实现无地面控制点的卫星摄影测量,提出了利用公开DEM辅助国产卫星影像进行无控定位的方法。为充分利用公开DEM在大范围内具有一致稳定的高精度特性,将其作为基准与从影像中提取的待定位DEM进行表面匹配,匹配时采用引入截尾最小二乘估计的最小高差(LZD)法,并根据对应点高差的分布自适应探测及剔除DEM之间的差异;匹配确定的变换参数用于对直接定位结果进行物方改正。设计了多组针对天绘一号和资源三号国产卫星影像的对比试验,结果表明本方法切实可行,能充分利用基准DEM的优势,具有较好的稳健性;定位精度很大程度上取决于但不限于基准DEM的精度,基本不受其分辨率的影响;当待定位DEM分辨率较高时,单景影像利用SRTM DEM即可得到能较好满足1∶5万比例尺地形图测制要求的无控定位精度。本方法还为卫星影像定位精度的检核提供了一种新的有效手段。     

GPS-RTK与传统测量仪器在不同范围下高程与坐标的测量精度比较与分析

GPS-RTK以其高效准确的测量优势现已在许多重要工程中得以应用,然而在不同的测量范围下,传统仪器的精度也可与之比拟。本文先就RTK的工作原理与精度做简单介绍,继而结合工程测量实例对RTK与传统测量仪器在不同测量范围下的高程和坐标测量进行精度比较,进一步对两者方法的适用范围和影响精度的原因进行分析,并提出一些有益的建议和结论,以期给实际工程测量和教学实习测量带来效益和精度最大化。     

GPS高程异常拟合的降维处理算法

探讨了基于拟合误差方程病态的降维处理算法 ,以期得到稳定的解。该方法的本质是截尾正则化算法 ,并利用实测数据进行了验证。结果表明 ,本方法非常有效。     

基于EGM96模型的GPS水准拟合方法

用GPS测量的方法来获得一点的正高或正常高，需要知识一点的大地水准面差距或高程异常。采用的大地水准面差距或高程异常的精度，决定了GPS水准的精度。本文利用EGM96模型计算高程异常。在利用巳知水准点上的高程异常拟合区域大地水准面模型时，首先移去用EGM96模型计算得到的部分，然后对剩余的高程异常进行拟合和内插，在内插点上再利用EGM96模型把移去的部分恢复，得到该点的高程异常。通过对某线路GPS水准的计算表明，引入EGM96模型拟合高程的精度改进不大。但对于大范围测量，这种方法有望能改进GPS水准的拟合精度。     

Adaptive collocation with application in height system transformation

In collocation applications, the prior covariance matrices or weight matrices between the signals and the observations should be consistent to their uncertainties; otherwise, the solution of collocation will be distorted. To balance the covariance matrices of the signals and the observations, a new adaptive collocation estimator is thus derived in which the corresponding adaptive factor is constructed by the ratio of the variance components of the signals and the observations. A maximum likelihood estimator of the variance components is thus derived based on the collocation functional model and stochastic model. A simplified Helmert type estimator of the variance components for the collocation is also introduced and compared to the derived maximum likelihood type estimator. Reasonable and consistent covariance matrices of the signals and the observations are arrived through the adjustment of the adaptive factor. The new adaptive collocation with related adaptive factor constructed by the derived variance components is applied in a transformation between the geodetic height derived by GPS and orthometric height. It is shown that the adaptive collocation is not only simple in calculation but also effective in balancing the contribution of observations and the signals in the collocation model.     

墨西哥湾波候统计特性分析

简要介绍了波候的概念,简述Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布及对数一正态分布的拟合方法,提出最大熵分布拟合有效波高、峰周期分布的新方法;选取半封闭海湾墨西哥湾内水深不同、地理位置不同的六个观测站一年的连续资料,以上述三种拟合方法对其有效波高,峰周期概率分布进行拟合,并与观测直方图进行比较检验,结果表明,在墨西哥海湾内,最大熵分布优于对数－正态分布,对数－正态分布优于Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布。     

Influence of micrometeorological features on coastal boundary layer aerosol characteristics at the tropical station, Trivandrum

Characteristics of aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) obtained from a bistatic CW lidar at Trivandrum for the last one decade are used to investigate the role of ABL micro-meteorological processes in controlling the altitude distribution and size spectrum. The altitude structure of number density shows three distinct zones depending on the prevailing boundary layer feature; viz, the well-mixed region, entertainment region and upper mixing region. In the lower altitudes vertical mixing is very strong (the well-mixed region) the upper limit of which is defined as aerosol-mixing height, is closely associated with the low level inversion. The aerosol mixing height generally lies in the range 150 to 400 m showing a strong dependence on the vertical eddy mixing processes in ABL. Above this altitude, the number density decreases almost exponentially with increase in altitude with a scale height of 0.5–1.5 km. The aerosol mixing height is closely associated with the height of the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL). Sea-spray aerosols generated as a result of the interaction of surface wind with sea surface forms an important component of mixing region aerosols at this location. This component shows a non-linear dependence on wind speed. On an average, depending on the season, the mixing region contributes about 10–30% of the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 0.5Μm wavelength. A long term increasing trend (∼ 2.8% per year) is observed in mixing region AOD from 1989 to 1997. A study on the development of the aerosols in the nocturnal mixing region shows that the convectively driven daytime altitude structure continues to persist for about 4–5 hrs. after the sunset and thereafter the altitude structure is governed by vertical structure of horizontal wind. Stratified aerosol layers associated with stratified turbulence is very common during the late night hours.