软土地基坑中坑支护体系温度效应的数值分析

环境温度变化导致基坑支护结构内支撑轴力和变形过大的问题不容忽视。本文以福州地铁6号线潘墩站坑中坑工程为例,选取该基坑代表性区段采用ABAQUS程序及邓肯-张模型对其开挖和支护全过程进行三维有限元模拟,并将分析结果与现场部分监测数据进行对比,验证了所建模型及其材料参数取值的可靠性。同时,利用所建模型着重分析当地可能的季节或昼夜温差变化幅度内支撑轴力及围护墙水平位移的变化规律。结果表明：基坑开挖完成后,温度变化时支撑轴力与温度呈线性相关关系,轴力变化主要体现在内外坑的首道支撑上,此时围护结构整体向坑内或坑外运动,且地连墙侧移受温度影响范围主要集中在基坑开挖深度以上。不同开挖阶段的温度变化引起的温度效应相差较大,潘墩站最不利工况发生在最后一道支撑架设完毕后,此时地连墙水平位移增量及轴力变化幅度最大,温度效应最明显。该研究成果对类似软土基坑工程具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

门源M6.9地震诱发地质灾害特征研究

2022年1月8日发生的门源M6.9地震诱发了崩塌、滑坡、砂土液化、地裂缝等多种同震地质灾害。通过对门源M6.9地震地质灾害进行现场调查,得出了地质灾害的分布特征和各类型地质灾害的主要特点,分析了地震地质灾害不发育的原因,并对地震地质灾害的长期效应进行了分析预测。研究结果表明：门源地震诱发地质灾害主要分布在震中附近;崩塌、落石总体规模较小,滑坡多为岩质滑坡,且以冰碛物和表层岩土体的溜滑为主。受表层土体冻结和孔隙水压力消散的影响,饱和砂土液化沿较窄的地裂缝呈串珠状分布,喷出物多为粉细砂。地震形成了4条左旋左阶斜列的地表破裂带,并在极震区内形成了大量的地裂缝。断层破碎带对地震动的阻隔作用、覆盖层薄、地表土冻结可能是造成本次地震地质灾害总体不发育的主要原因;地震产生的大量地裂缝导致斜坡和堆积体的稳定性减弱,在耦合集中降雨、冻融作用等因素后可能诱发滑坡灾害,松散堆积于沟床处的崩滑物作为物源,可能会增加地震影响区泥石流灾害的风险。     

双排隔振屏障对振动波的阻隔作用及动力响应分析

本文采用模拟试验的方法,对分层土地基中双排隔振屏障对振动波的动力响应进行了探讨,并研究了桩长与土层分界面位置关系、激振频率对其隔振效果的影响作用,得出结论:（1）屏障前振动强度远大于屏障后振动强度,并随着振源距、激振频率、桩长的增加而下降,且屏障前出现明显振动增强现象,在激振频率80 Hz时产生振动峰值,振动强度在高频时基本稳定,继续增加激振频率,振动强度并不会发生明显变化。（2）屏障后中线左右2倍桩长范围内为整个隔振区域的薄弱区,其他区域则由包络线围成一个封闭有效隔振区。（3）屏障对中频和高频有更好的隔振效果,且桩长越大有效隔振面积越大,当桩长超过土层分界面时,有效隔振面积可达到53.25%～69.78%,但此时有效隔振面积增幅由原来的14.29%下降到11.64%,增幅降低了约3%。（4）未设屏障区振动强度较小,随激振频率小范围内浮动,在激振频率为30 Hz和80 Hz时取得振动峰值,且随着屏障布置方向减小,即靠近屏障一侧振动强度较强,远离屏障一侧振动强度较弱。     

江西印支期蔡江岩体中暗色微粒包体的发现及其地质意义

文章报道了江西蔡江花岗质岩体中发现暗色微粒包体,以及这些包体的地质、岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和元素地球化学特征。包体多呈椭圆状,显示淬冷边和反向脉,具有典型的岩浆结构并含有针状磷灰石,有的包体含有长石捕虏晶。包体具有相对较低的SiO₂（低至57.05 wt%）和较高的MgO+Fe₂O₃（高达14.21 wt%）含量。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年数据表明,包体形成于晚三叠世（224 Ma）,与寄主花岗岩（230~228 Ma）在误差范围内基本一致。上述特征表明,包体是离散的幔源偏基性岩浆团或者是幔源与寄主岩浆混合的产物。原始包体岩浆属于超钾质岩浆,可能是通过岩石圈地幔中交代成因的金云母辉石岩脉发生部分熔融而形成的。暗色微粒包体的发现为幔源岩浆底侵提供了直接证据,从而为蔡江花岗质岩石形成于较高温度提供佐证。该研究对于进一步探讨华南印支期花岗岩形成的热源机制具有意义。     

障壁岛—潟湖沉积特征及模式:以美国普拉姆岛上更新统—全新统为例*

普拉姆岛(Plum island)是美国东北部缅因湾最大的障壁海岸,岛内向陆一侧为新英格兰地区最大潟湖和沼泽区,它们是晚第四纪末次冰期冰川作用和冰后期海岸作用的沉积响应。通过普拉姆岛研究区上更新统—全新统160个钻孔描述,识别出8种沉积物: 泥炭、冰川黏土、黏土、粉砂、细砂、中粗砂、砾、坠石。根据沉积物类型及其组合特征,结合沉积环境,共划分出8种沉积微相: 障壁沙丘、滨岸沙、水下临滨沙、河道、潮汐水道、潟湖、潮坪、沼泽。研究区在晚第四纪末次冰盛期(MIS2)被劳伦斯蒂德冰盖(Laurentide Ice Sheet)覆盖,发育冰川地貌,冰川泥覆盖在基岩之上,形成底层沉积; 冰后期(MIS1),冰盖消融,海平面发生变化,在冰川地貌鼓丘附近形成沙坝,最终沉积演化为障壁岛—潟湖环境,潟湖通过潮汐水道与广海相连通。     

Process and Mechanisms of Deep Fluid Effects on Hydrocarbon Generation and Pore Space in Shale: A Case Study from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan Section

Heat carried by deep fluid might greatly affect hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale. Dyke intrusion carrying high levels of heat may be a means by which to explore the influence of deep fluid on shale reservoirs. This study evaluates hydrocarbon generation and analyzed the evolution of shale storage space in the third member of the Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan section, Hebei Province, based on experimental data such as TOC, SEM, VRo, low-temperature N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection. The results show that the dyke intrusion reduced the shale TOC content drastically―by up to 77%―and also induced instantaneous hydrocarbon generation over a range about 1.4 times the thickness of the intrusion. Furthermore, the dyke intrusion might transform organic pores in surrounding shales into inorganic pores. There were two shale porosity peaks: one appeared when VRo = 2.0%, caused by the increase of organic pores as thermal maturity increased, the other occurred when the VRo value was between 3% and 4%, caused by the increase of inorganic mineral pores. It can be concluded that dyke intrusion can be an effective tool with which to study how deep fluid affects instantaneous hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale.     

青藏高原形成演化研究回顾、进展与展望

青藏高原形成演化涵盖了前身的东特提斯地质构造演化、新生代地质构造演化和高原隆升对气候环境演变的制约,它不仅包含有关全球构造的空间格局、运动状态的历史记录,而且也留下了青藏特提斯洋陆转换、盆山转换构造体制的时空结构、运动形式和发展变化的地质遗迹。所以青藏高原是研究全球构造的窗口,被自然科学工作者誉为解决地球动力学的一把钥匙。自20世纪60年代以来,特别是1979年以来我们先后开展了青藏高原地质构造演化、系列编图及综合集成等研究工作。本文以认识现今青藏高原地质历史各阶段重大地质构造事件的结构组成和演化为主线,回顾了40年来历次重大青藏高原基础地质研究过程,系统总结了青藏高原新生代隆升过程、碰撞构造效应,以及东特提斯地质调查研究中一系列重要新发现、新进展、新成果,并对相关研究成果和新发现进行了简要的归纳梳理。在此基础上,就青藏高原形成演化模式、科学理论与学术争论观念层次上的问题,以及关键的基础地质问题等方面进行了讨论与展望。     

Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy and pollen stratigraphy of Uwa Formation,Shikoku Island,SW Japan: Reconsidering the MIS 11 super-interglacial horizon

We investigated a late Quaternary terrestrial sedimentary sequence (Uwa Formation) in core IC2, from a site adjacent to that of the reported core IC on NW Shikoku Island, SW Japan, and developed its tephra and pollen stratigraphy to refine the age model of the formation. First, we identified 19 horizons with high glass shard concentrations in the IC2 core sediments as possible tephras or cryptotephras, and correlated them with reported tephras on the basis of the major- and trace-element compositions of their glass shards. All correlated widespread tephras and cryptotephras were products of volcanoes in the Kyushu volcanic zone (Aso, Kakuto, Aira, Ata, and Kikai calderas). Second, we confirmed the presence in core IC2 of two pollen zones dominated by Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis, which is an indicator of very warm interglacial vegetation. In the Japanese Islands, these two vegetation zones have usually been considered to characterize marine isotopic stages (MISs) 1 and 11. A previous study of the Uwa Formation correlated the upper pollen zone to MIS 1, but the lower zone was not correlated to MIS 11; rather, it was inferred to be older than MIS 12 because it was stratigraphically below the “Oda” tephra (equivalent to a distal Kasamori 5 [Ks5] tephra [MIS 12]). In this study, however, noting that the Naruohama-IV tephra (Nh-IV; MIS 10d) and Ks5 cannot be distinguished by their shard chemistries, we inferred that the suggested “Oda” tephra actually correlates to Nh-IV, rather than to the Ks5 tephra. By re-assigning the “Oda” tephra to Nh-IV, we could correlate the underlying Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis-abundant zone to MIS 11 and, consequently, a pair of pollen zones indicating cool and warm conditions below the MIS 11 pollen zone to MISs 12 and 13, respectively. The resulting age model whereby tephra and pollen constraints are integrated showed a roughly constant sedimentation rate from MIS 13, without any long-term gaps; further, our MIS 13 horizon in core IC2 corresponds to the reported 1 Ma tephra horizon in core IC. Therefore, these findings represent a dramatic change in the Uwa Formation age model and validate the Uwa Formation as one of the most useful terrestrial archives of Quaternary tephrostratigraphy and paleoclimatic fluctuation in SW Japan.     

Seismic performance of two-story subway station structures with different isolating systems

When the sliding bearing is fixed only at the top of the middle column of the underground structure, the cracks at the side end of the middle plate should be aggravated while the seismic damage of the mid-column should be alleviated. To enhance the seismic performance of the mid-plate, a new isolation design method has been mentioned while the elastic sliding bearings are set at the top of the mid-columns and between the side end of the mid-plate and the side wall at the same time. By establishing a nonlinear finite element analysis model for the static-dynamic coupling interaction system, the seismic response characteristics of the cast-in-place station structure without a sliding bearing have been analyzed and compared with those of the station structure with the sliding bearing fixed only at the top of the middle columns, and those of the station structure with sliding bearing be fixed between the mid-plate and the sidewall at the same time. The results show that the new isolation station structures suffer fewer earthquake damages at the mid-plate and mid-columns at the same time, which can improve the overall seismic performance of the subway station structure.     

雄安新区D01井岩溶热储下伏太古界中热流测定研究

【研究目的】目前雄安新区范围内的热流数据多测自于新近系沉积盖层及白云岩地层,对岩溶热储下伏太古界的热流测定研究还鲜见报道,主要受限于以往的地热勘查开发层位主要在1800m以浅的蓟县系岩溶热储,揭露岩溶热储下伏太古界的钻孔稀少。2018年以来,在雄安新区牛驼镇地热田实施了D01深部地热参数井,揭穿了高于庄组岩溶热储,并揭露太古界厚度达1723.67m,给该地区岩溶热储下伏太古界的热流测定研究提供了条件。【研究方法】本文基于近稳态钻孔测温及岩心热导率测试,对D01井太古界进行了热流测定及分析。【研究结果】结果表明：D01井太古界呈显著的传导型地温特征,地温梯度为18.3℃/km,相比于新近系地温梯度48.6℃/km偏低。测得25块D01井太古界片麻岩岩心样品的热导率平均值为（2.41±0.40）W/(K·m)。根据钻孔测温数据及热导率测试,计算出D01井太古界2300～2700m深度的热流值为（44.1±7.0）mW/m²。同时,估算了D01井新近系400～800m深度段的热流值为84.6mW/m²,较太古界高出40.5mW/m²。【结论】分析认为D01井新近系较太古界高出热流主要为高孔渗岩溶白云岩层中地下水侧向热对流作用以及牛东断裂地下水垂向热对流作用共同所致。研究结果对前人提出的地下水运移聚热模式及导热断裂聚热模式提供了数据支撑,对雄安新区深部地热资源成因机制和太古界地温场研究具有重要意义。