盾尾注浆硬性浆液固结变形数值计算模型构建

为了更为合理地评价盾构壁后注浆控制地层变形机制,采用自制的硬性浆液固结变形试验装置,对水泥胶结作用影响硬性浆液的固结过程进行了试验研究。在此基础上,分析并建立了能够反映水泥胶结作用的硬性浆液固结变形模型,编制了相应的数值计算程序,并通过试验验证了该模型的合理性。硬性浆液固结变形数值计算模型的构建对于提高盾构施工模拟精细度将起到一定的推动作用。     

潜孔锤跟管钻进技术在小浪底水利观测孔工程的应用

在黄河小浪底水利枢纽观测孔工程中,采用气动潜孔锤跟管钻进结合双动力头钻机成功地解决了普通气动潜孔锤及常规钻进工艺在厚度达50 m渣石层成孔难的问题。     

Gully‐head erosion processes on a semi‐arid valley floor in Kenya: a case study into temporal variation and sediment budgeting

A three year monitoring programme of gully‐head retreat was established to assess the significance of sediment production in a drainage network that expanded rapidly by gully‐head erosion on the low‐angled alluvio‐lacustrine Njemps Flats in semi‐arid Baringo District, Kenya. This paper discusses the factors controlling the large observed spatial and temporal variation in gully‐head retreat rates, ranging from 0 to 15 m a^?1. The selected gullies differed in planform and in runoff‐contributing catchment area but soil material and land use were similar. The data were analysed at event and annual timescales. The results show that at annual timescale rainfall amount appears to be a good indicator of gully‐head retreat, while at storm‐event timescale rainfall distribution has to be taken into account. A model is proposed, including only rainfall (P) and the number of dry days (DD) between storms: which explains 56 per cent of the variation in retreat rate of the single‐headed gully of Lam1. A detailed sediment budget has been established for Lam1 and its runoff‐contributing area (RCA). By measuring sediment input from the RCA, the sediment output by channelized flow and linear retreat of the gully head for nine storms, it can be seen that erosion shifts between different components of the budget depending on the duration of the dry period (DD) between storms. Sediment input from the RCA was usually the largest component for the smaller storms. The erosion of the gully head occurred as a direct effect of runoff falling over the edge (GH_waterfall) and of the indirect destabilization of the adjacent walls by the waterfall erosion and by saturation (GH_mass/storage). The latter component (GH_mass/storage) was usually much larger that the former (GH_waterfall). The sediment output from the gully was strongly related to the runoff volume while the linear retreat, because of its complex behaviour, was not. Overall, the results show that the annual retreat is the optimal timescale to predict retreat patterns. More detailed knowledge about relevant processes and interactions is necessary if gully‐head erosion is to be included in event‐based soil erosion models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低剂量对比剂联合低监测阈值在头颈部CTA中的应用

目的：探讨Philips Brilliance iCT低剂量对比剂联合低监测阈值在头颈部CTA中的应用。资料与方法：选取我院需行头颈部CTA的患者60例,随机分为A组（观察组）、B组（实验组）。分别行不同的注射扫描方案：A组对比剂60 mL,生理盐水40 m L,监测阈值150 HU;B组对比剂40 mL,生理盐水40 mL,监测阈值90 HU;两组注射速率均以5.0 mL/s,均监测主动脉弓。分别对两组图像进行主观评价（目测法）和客观评价（分别测量上腔静脉、主动脉弓、左右颈总动脉、基底动脉及左右大脑中动脉的CT值）来进行图像质量分析。结果：①主观评价A、B两组图像均能满足诊断要求,B组明显减少上腔静脉对比剂残留;②A、B两组图像质量等级评分无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;③A、B两组各部位测量的CT值比较均有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论：Philips Brilliance iCT在头颈部CTA检查中采用40 m L对比剂配合主动脉弓90 HU的监测阈值的方法,虽然图像CT值比较有差异,但图像质量完全能够满足临床诊断要求。且在保证图像质量的前提下,降低了对比剂用量,减少了上腔静脉对比剂的残留,降低了过敏反应的发生及对比剂对肾功能的损伤。     

Detection of DNA damage in mussels and sea urchins exposed to crude oil using comet assay

The single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay or the comet assay was used to evaluate DNA damage of dispersed crude oil on sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Sea urchins were exposed to 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil in a continuous flow system, while the mussels were exposed to 0.015, 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil. Sea urchin coelomocytes and mussel haemocytes were sampled after 4 and 5 weeks exposure, respectively. In the sea urchin coelomocytes, there was a significant concentration-related increase in the percentage of DNA in comet tail. In mussel haemocytes, there was a significantly higher percentage of DNA in comet tail for all treatments compared to the control. The responses were concentration-related up to 0.06 mg/L oil. The two highest exposure concentrations of mussels were not significantly different from each other. These results indicate that the comet assay can be used for biomonitoring of DNA damage in marine invertebrates following oil contamination.     

Automated threshold selection methods for extreme wave analysis

The study of the extreme values of a variable such as wave height is very important in flood risk assessment and coastal design. Often values above a sufficiently large threshold can be modelled using the Generalized Pareto Distribution, the parameters of which are estimated using maximum likelihood. There are several popular empirical techniques for choosing a suitable threshold, but these require the subjective interpretation of plots by the user.In this paper we present a pragmatic automated, simple and computationally inexpensive threshold selection method based on the distribution of the difference of parameter estimates when the threshold is changed, and apply it to a published rainfall and a new wave height data set. We assess the effect of the uncertainty associated with our threshold selection technique on return level estimation by using the bootstrap procedure. We illustrate the effectiveness of our methodology by a simulation study and compare it with the approach used in the JOINSEA software. In addition, we present an extension that allows the threshold selected to depend on the value of a covariate such as the cosine of wave direction.     

Evolution of the north flank of Tenerife by recurrent giant landslides

Geomorphologic analysis of submarine and subaerial surface features using a combined topographic/bathymetric digital elevation model coupled with onshore geological and geophysical data constrain the age and geometry of giant landslides affecting the north flank of Tenerife. Shaded relief and contour maps, and topographic profiles of the submarine north flank, permit the identification of two generations of post-shield landslides. Older landslide materials accumulated near the shore (<40-km) and comprise 700 km³ of debris. Thickening towards a prominent axis suggests one major landslide deposit. Younger landslide materials accumulated 40–70 km offshore and comprise the products of three major landslides: the La Orotava landslide complex, the Icod landslide and the East Dorsal landslide complex, each with an onshore scar, a proximal submarine trough, and a distal deposit lobe. Estimated lobe volumes are 80, 80 and 100 km³, respectively. The old post-shield landslide scar is an amphitheatre, 20–25 km wide, partly submarine, now completely filled with younger materials. Age–width relationships for Tenerife's coastal platform plus onshore geological constraints suggest an age of ca. 3 Ma for the old collapse. Young landslides are all less than 560 ka old. The La Orotava and Icod slides involved failures of slabs of subaerial flank to form the subaerial La Orotava and Icod valleys. Offshore, they excavated troughs by sudden loading and basal erosion of older slide debris. The onshore East Dorsal slide also triggered secondary failure of older debris offshore. The slab-like geometry of young failures was controlled by weak layers, deep drainage channels and flank truncation by marine erosion. The (partly) submarine geometry of the older amphitheatre reflects the absence of these features. Relatively low H/L ratios for the young slides are attributed to filling of the slope break at the base of the submarine edifice by old landslide materials, low aspect ratios of the failed slabs and channelling within troughs. Post-shield landslides on Tenerife correlate with major falls in sea level, reflecting increased rates of volcanism and coastal erosion, and reduced support for the flank. Landslide head zones have strongly influenced the pattern of volcanism on Tenerife, providing sites for major volcanic centres.     

滑坡崩塌涌浪计算方法研究

基于地质灾害涌浪计算公式和局部水头损失理论,建立了地质灾害涌浪公式计算体系。该算法充分考虑了不同滑坡崩塌造成的涌浪效应、不同区域涌浪衰减的差异性和自然河道的沿程水头损失与局部水头损失问题; 大量采用地形参数进行计算,客观性强。以龚家方崩滑体产生涌浪为例进行了计算,其计算结果与实际调查值相关性非常高。结果显示:龚家方崩滑体产生最大涌浪高度为33.45m,急剧衰减区内平均100m下降4m、平缓衰减区内平均100m下降0.11m和在峡谷区向宽谷区传播时有扩大衰减效应的规律。     

GYD-20型全液压动力头工程钻机的研制

针对传统工程钻机生产制造周期长、自动化程度低、劳动强度大、施工效率低等弊端,研制了GYD-20型全液压动力头工程钻机。介绍了该钻机的结构特点及其应用于大口径基础桩孔、煤矿通风孔钻进的情况和效果。