城市用地与人口的异速增长和相关经验研究

由于城市土地利用变化涉及的因素多，使获取动态研究研究所需的资料十分困难，所以，用少数几个主要因素定量地表达其变化就显得十分重要。从前人的成果，即以人口表示的城市位序-规模法则和建成区面积表示的位序-规模法则出发，绽绎出城市的用地规模和人口数量呈异速增长。这意味着，如果把整个城市看成是一个生命有机体，那么作为反映城市特征的城市用地规模和城市人口这两个重要变量，就是城市这个有机体的两个器官，他们的增长率是成比例的。还通过这个关系建立了城市建成区面积与市场人口和经济发展水平的数学模式。对我国部分城市的经验研究在一定程度上分别证明了这两经验关系。     

Book Reviews

Books Reviewed Colbert C. Held, Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics Barbara A. Weightman, Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia Henry J. Bruman, Alcohol in Ancient Mexico Brian W. Blouet, Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century M. A. B. Siddique (ed.), International Migration into the 21st Century: Essays in Honour of Reginald Appleyard Michael R. Haines and Richard H. Steckel (eds.), A Population History of North America Emilio Moran, Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology Jeremy Leggett, The Carbon War: Global Warming and the End of the Oil Era Susan B. Marriott and Jan Alexander (eds.), Floodplains: Interdisciplinary Approaches William S.Logan, Hanoi: Biography of a City Alex Krieger and David Cobb (eds.) with Amy Turner, Mapping Boston Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Carl Abbott, Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest Arthur D. Murphy, Colleen Blanchard and Jennifer A. Hill (eds.), Latino Workers in the Contemporary South Yanek Mieczkowski, The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Elections     

近、现代黄河三角洲地貌形态反演

1855年黄河改夺大清河河道后于山东利津县东北入海。至今黄河尾癌河道历经10次大的改道变迁，塑造了近、现代黄河三角洲，形成了7个主要的亚三洲堆积体。该文利用黄河尾癌河道改道资料，近、现代河口流路变迁图，近、现代黄河三角洲体系图以及1985－1986年的水文工程地质钻孔资料，在研究黄河三角洲沉积模式的基础上，对工程地质钻孔数据进行沉积层序分析，将今论古，反推近、现代黄河三角洲沉积地貌，研究结果近似展示了近、现代黄河三角洲二维平面的发育演变和其时其地的地貌形态。     

结构设计地震作用效应影响因素及规律分析

基于现行《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB50011－2001），本文分析了现行抗震设计中影响结构设计地震作用效应的主要因素，以规则平面框架对例对新旧规范影响结构设计地震作用效应的因素进行了对比，给出了其间的重要变化和基本规律。     

Modelling the effects of temperature and food on individual growth and reproduction of Daphnia and their consequences on the population level

Individual based simulations of population dynamics require the availability of growth models with adequate complexity. For this purpose a simple-to-use model (non-linear multiple regression approach) is presented describing somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia as a function of time, temperature and food quantity. The model showed a good agreement with published observations of somatic growth (r² = 0.954, n = 88) and egg production (r² = 0.898, n = 35). Temperature is the main determinant of initial somatic growth and food concentration is the main determinant of maximal body length and clutch size. An individual based simulation was used to demonstrate the simultaneous effects of food and temperature on the population level. Evidently, both temperature and food supply affected the population growth rate but at food concentrations above approximately 0.4 mg Cl⁻¹ Scenedesmus acutus temperature appeared as the main determinant of population growth.

Four simulation examples are given to show the wide applicability of the model: (1) analysis of the correlation between population birth rate and somatic growth rate, (2) contribution of egg development time and delayed somatic growth to temperature-effects on population growth, (3) comparison of population birth rate in simulations with constant vs. decreasing size at maturity with declining food concentrations and (4) costs of diel vertical migration. Due to its plausible behaviour over a broad range of temperature (2–20 °C) and food conditions (0.1–4 mg Cl⁻¹) the model can be used as a module for more detailed simulations of Daphnia population dynamics under realistic environmental conditions.     

煤田火区烧变岩光谱特征分析及其信息提取

中国北方煤田煤层自燃现象非常严重.利用遥感手段可以快速实现火区的动态监测,及时为灭火工程提供信息.烧变岩作为火区的地表指示性特征,是火区解译最直观的信息.本文从烧变岩的反射光谱曲线特征入手,对几种提取烧变岩信息的方法进行比较,从而确定解译烧变岩的最佳方法,为圈定火区的范围和位置奠定基础.     

A Procedure for Determining the Reaction Curve of Shotcrete Lining Considering Transient Conditions

Summary The mechanical behaviour of a shotcrete lining is analysed in this paper using the convergence-confinement approach. A calculation procedure is presented which is able to provide the reaction curve of a lining with increasing stiffness, by taking into account the variability due to time of the shotcrete stiffness and strength, as well as the face advancement rate. The proposed procedure is also able to provide the change of the safety factor of the lining in time. This results to be a very useful tool for understanding the behaviour of this widely used support and for assigning its thickness to guarantee stability (also in transient conditions), with a known safety factor, during tunnel excavation. Received May 25, 2001; accepted July 18, 2002; Published online January 21, 2003 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Prof. S. Pelizza and Dr. S. Xu for the help given during the preparation of this paper. The help of the Editor G. Barla is also acknowledged. Authors' address: Dr. P. P. Oreste, Department of Earth Resources and Land, Politecnics di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 1-10129 Torino, Italy; e-mail: oreste@polito.it     

POSITIVE INVERSION STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL STRUCTURE BELT IN TURPAN-HAMI BASIN

The central structure belt in Turpan-Hami basin is composed of the Huoyanshan structure and Qiketai structure formed in late Triassic-early Jurassic, and is characterized by extensional tectonics. The thickness of strata in the hanging wall of the growth fault is obviously larger than that in the footwall, and a deposition center was evolved in the Taibei sag where the hanging wall of the fault is located. In late Jurassic the collision between Lhasa block and Eurasia continent resulted in the transformation of the Turpan-Hami basin from an extensional structure into a compressional structure, and consequently in the tectonic inversion of the central structure belt of the Turpan-Hami basin from the extensional normal fault in the earlier stage to the compressive thrust fault in the later stage. The Tertiary collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate occurred around 55Ma, and this Himalayan orogenic event has played a profound role in shaping the Tianshan area, only the effect of the collision to this area was delayed since it culminated here approximately in late Oligocene-early Miocene. The central structure belt was strongly deformed and thrusted above the ground as a result of this tectonic event.     

关于O3层垂直剖面遥感的逆转曲线的数学拟合模式

逆转遥感是当前获得大气O₃层垂直剖面资料的重要方法之一，而逆转曲线的质量对遥感结果的精度至关重要．本文在最小二乘法的基础上，结合逆转曲线的特征，加以适当处理，建立了逆转曲线的拟合数学模式．其性能良好，对研究O₃层垂直剖面的长期演变趋势具有重要意义．     

现代区域开发的矿产资源需求生命周期研究及意义

矿产资源是社会经济发展的重要物质基础，受社会经济和科学技术发展的限制，各类矿产资源的需求存在着从初始，增长，停滞和衰落的周期性变化以及明显的空间分嘏差异。