云南省县级科技管理干部培训需求调查研究

由于当前科技管理体制改革对科技管理干部的管理水平提出了更高要求，故此采用调查表对云南省26个样本县进行了“云南省县级科技管理干部对现代科技管理知识和管理技能培训需求”的调查，调查表包括“项目策化争取”、“项目实施管理”、“机构管理”、“科技服务”4方面共27个与县级科技管理部门工作职能密切相关的培训调查项目。调查结果表明，县级科技干部对“找到使科委提高自身地位的突破点”、“近期内重点工作领域的选择”、“分析上识别科委自身的优势和薄弱环节”3个方面需要加强培训，据此提出了云南省县级科技管理干部应进行培训的基本课程建议。     

元代广州作为建制城市的历史地理初探

本文从城市的建城和建制关系出发，阐述广州在从秦到唐宋等朝代建需基础上，于元代设置广州录事司，是一个与县同级的行政区域和市政管理机构，此即广州作为建制城市之始，并在城市性质，结构和功能上反映广州这种变化，是广州城市发展史上一个里程碑，值得重视。     

政府能动性对外部冲击型战略耦合断裂的暂时性调节研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延肆虐,国家间和区域间的人员、货物流动阻滞,对全球生产网络带来了巨大冲击。受此影响,涉外企业纷纷出现了与国际市场、供应链、劳动力、金融资本之间的短暂割裂。在此外部冲击面前,基于全球经济深度链接的战略耦合理论,无法有效解释全球生产网络出现的被动性、暂时性、突发性的耦合断裂。以江苏省昆山市为例,通过深入访谈和调研,重点研究地方政府能动性在维系战略耦合联系中的作用机制。研究发现,昆山政府以本地产业链供应链信息的系统掌握为基础,综合运用协调整合、政策支撑、资源调配等能力,修复导致耦合断裂的环节或重建新耦合。本文提出外部冲击型耦合断裂这一概念,丰富拓展了对战略耦合动态性的认识。其次,本文深化了对政府-全球生产网络互动联结的理解,讨论了地方政府在维系战略耦合联系中的能动性作用和局限性。     

基于政府采购活动交易数据的东北地区城市网络研究

政企联系是企业外部联系的重要组成部分,基于政府采购活动交易数据构建的城市间供需网络可为城市网络研究提供一个新的视角。采用2018年中国政府采购活动的交易数据,构建东北地区供需城市网络,结合GIS空间分析和社会网络分析方法,揭示东北地区城市网络的空间联系格局和网络结构特征,并对其影响机制进行探讨。结果显示：中央项目层面,空间联系结构呈现出以长春为辐射中心,以哈大城市走廊为主要轴线的联系格局;地方项目网络主要表现为三省内分别以哈尔滨、长春及沈阳为中心的辐射状联系特征;且两种网络涉及节点和联系轴线数量明显不同。哈尔滨、长春及沈阳三大省会城市在网络中占据绝对中心位置,主要扮演着供应商的角色,同时城市网络中存在多个凝聚子群。基于政企联系的东北地区城市供需网络的空间结构受城市经济实力、行政壁垒、地理距离、项目预算来源以及政策引导等多方面的影响。     

The Role of Community Identity in Cattlemen Response to Florida Panther Recovery Efforts

The concept of community identity has often been employed to explain ways in which communities respond to agents that impact community well-being. Using a case study of the Florida cattlemen community, we examine how cattlemen understand and perceive regulatory efforts to recover the Florida panther on private ranch lands. The data comes from participants in the Florida cattlemen community, and was collected through in-depth interviews (n = 13), group interviews (n = 32), and written comments associated with a survey about panther conservation (n = 78). Our findings indicate that some cattlemen in Florida have a strong sense of community identity. Perceptions of government actions and variation in economic risks are critical factors in understanding how this community responds to federal interventions. Our findings suggest that the concept of community identity can be used to explain the responses of agricultural landowners to governmental policies that are perceived as a threat to collective identity.     

Pragmatic localism uncovered: The search for locally contingent solutions to national reform agendas

This paper analyses the complexity and attempted pragmatism of current practices surrounding the management of current local government policy reform in England. In particular, it focuses on the tensions and contradictions between a national policy dynamic which seeks to encourage locally contingent solutions to be developed for localised problems, and the centralising tendencies of the national state which result in ‘blueprints’ and ‘models’ being developed for local policy delivery and a requirement to meet centrally derived targets. These assumptions are explored through the experiences of local government attempts to introduce innovative and experimental praxis in line with the complex cultural and political changes of ‘modernisation’ agendas advanced by the UK government. This is being rolled out by an overarching project of ‘new localism’ - an attempt to devolve power and resources from the central state to front line local managers, sub-local structures and partnerships and to deliver ‘what works’. It is argued that new attempts at subsidiarity should be more flexible to local conditions rather than directed by national policy and that greater discretion and freedom should be given to local managers to achieve this task. Using the concept of ‘pragmatic localism’ and grounded examples from a recent initiative - Local Area Agreements - it is highlighted that there are signs that local state management of national policy could be becoming increasingly adaptable, enabling managers to deal with the fluid nature of ongoing public policy reform, although this is far from a completed project with many factors still constraining this change process.     

Washington Women: Practicing Geography in the U.S. Government, 1915–1970s

Histories of geography, especially those dealing with the twentieth century, tend to focus on geographic thought or academia rather than on practice in other arenas such as government agencies. In the United States during that period, however, the latter included a higher proportional representation of women professionals than did research-oriented universities. This article examines the careers of selected women geographers who had long-term and senior positions in Washington, DC, in agencies such as the Library of Congress, Bureau of the Census, the Department of State, and the Office of Naval Research. Drawing on sources including directories, the archives and oral history collections of the Society of Woman Geographers, and interviews conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, I explore four main themes: how these women came to government work, aspects of the intersections of personal and professional lives, ways in which economic and political contexts shaped their opportunities and experiences, and the nature of their contributions.     

Urban Sustainability Indicators: how do Australian city decision makers perceive and use global reporting standards?

The introduction in 2014 of the first globally standardised sustainability metric for cities, ISO 37120, transformed the concept of scalability for sustainable city indicators. Our study uses original research involving producers and consumers of urban sustainability indicators (USIs), including ISO 37120, to review the current use of sustainability indicators (SIs) in Sydney and ascertain the use-value of internationally standardised USIs as perceived by professionals in the field. Our findings show that managers of cities use SIs in a variety of ways, yet links between SIs and organisational decision making are often weak. The cost of adaptation to a new indicator set may be prohibitive, especially for smaller city governments. Larger cities are seen to benefit more from international exposure and comparison. Highlighting ISO 37120 should be valued for the opportunity it presents for comparative learning regarding the nature of a sustainable city rather than its benchmarking potential. This article recommends that the process of achieving a sustainable city should be informed by ‘strong’ rather than ‘weak’ sustainability; in this regard ISO 37120 has potential for refinement. Further research is needed into determining aspects of city comparability and methods for linking USI data to government decision making in order to achieve sustainability outcomes.     

Marketable risk permits for natural disaster mitigation

Building codes are important for natural disaster mitigation. Typical public policy approach to building safety is the command-and-control mechanism. Local government sets minimum standards that every new building must attain. Because a proposed change in the requirements is stated in terms of additional safety, the marginal cost would be different for each building. Those with high marginal cost are over-represented in the deliberations because for these buildings the cost is highly salient. Thus, many good proposals are defeated, and no buildings are made safer. The marketable risk permits approach uses a market mechanism to encourage efficient safety upgrade. The building code would have two levels of safety, the lower level corresponding to the status quo. Each new building would be endowed with a quantity of risk permits. Developers who construct to the lower code level must purchase additional risk permits. Developers who build to the higher code level could sell their risk permits. Thus, for the few buildings for which the higher code level is expensive, developers could avoid high costs by purchasing risk permits instead. Government policy would determine the endowment of risk permits, as a fraction of total risk-reduction potential of the higher code level. The market would determine the price of risk permits, as well as which buildings get constructed to the higher code level. Under a risk permit policy, the marginal cost of safety would be considerably less than under a command-control policy. In situations where corruption already operates as a mechanism for providing relief to developers with high costs, a risk permit policy has little effect on the number of bribes, but the interaction drives down the price of both bribes and risk permits.     

高校招生规模、政府投入和学费标准的三维动力学模型及政府调控

近年来，随着中国高等教育招生规模的急剧扩大，高等教育中出现了许多为社会所关注的热点问题，数学建模有助于解决有关的热点问题和引导政府进行宏观调控。作者在适当的假设下，系统地建立了关于高校招生规模、政府生均经费投入与学费标准之间的3个三维非线性微分方程动力学模型。给出每个模型平衡点的稳定性条件，并通过对模型进行极值分析，得到了政府确定高校的招生基数的原则和高校招生规模的估计。其主要结果为政府进行宏观调控决策提供了相应的理论依据。