一种基于GPU的实时水波模拟方法

大范围动态水面场景的实时三维仿真是虚拟海洋环境以及三维游戏中研究的难点和热点。由于水的动态性以及各种复杂的光照等效果,传统基于CPU的模拟很难达到实时交互的能力。近年来图形处理器(GPU)性能得到大幅度提高,尤其引人注意的是出现可编程特性,这使得人们可以充分利用GPU上提供的运算器来设计算法完成一定的任务。基于此,针对目前实时水波模拟的瓶颈及提倡的"解放CPU"(Offload CPU)的思想,本文对水波模拟的模型进行了研究,提出了一种基于GPU的水波模拟方法,充分利用GPU的并行运算及浮点运算能力.加快水面模拟的速度。文章给出了一定网格大小下,数量不同的点波源模拟水面的效果,并给出了单纯利用CPU和基于GPU两种方法的对比情况。     

《都江堰灌溉区域图》的设计与编制

本文介绍了《都江堰灌溉区域图》的设计与编制,包括设计思路、制图工艺流程及关键技术等。通过对该图制图工艺和关键技术的总结,同时也对地图制图新技术进行了有益探索。     

多年冻土区路基边坡遮阳板降温过程试验研究

基于室内的系统试验,试验条件下研究发现遮阳板对热辐射的遮挡是有效避免路基坡面升温主要的因素;遮阳板下空气对流换热可及时带走遮阳板本身及遮阳板辐射产生的热量,这是避免坡面升温的重要补充;遮阳板下空气的有效流动,可以将坡面温度保持在较一般地表温度更低的水平上.由于遮阳板对下部空气层的限制作用,在遮阳板下产生“烟囱效应”,由此使得遮阳板下的空气流速得以大幅提高.青藏公路遮阳板试验段观测资料证明,通过遮阳板在路基边坡的实施,可以降低整个坡面年平均温度约3.2℃,并较天然地表低约1.5℃.     

LETTERS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION

Topographic shading curtails the period and complicates the geographic patterns of insolation in mountainous areas. Maps derived from oblique aerial photographs of shadow lines cast by the irregular, mountainous east horizon in Provo, Utah are used as a case study to illustrate an alternative to existing techniques of solar radiation data collection. For study areas of several hundred square kilometers, this method may be superior in resolution and at the same time more error free and economically feasible than other methods. Measurement of solar inputs received at sample stations scattered through the mapped area show that the phenomenon of topographically delayed sunrise has a distinct effect on daily totals of radiation in the manner suggested by the maps.     

基于规则格网DEM的建模及晕渲方法研究

DEM数据是生成晕渲图的重要数据源。基于对角线剖分法建立地表模型并添加光照是由规则格网DEM生成晕渲图的常规方法。分析数字晕渲中常规建模方法的优缺点,使用基于自由曲面的地表建模方法对常规建模方法的不足进行改进,最终生成的晕渲图整体立体感强,明暗变化柔和。最后,对不同建模方法的适应性进行分析。     

局部阴影条件下光伏阵列MPPT模糊控制最优算法

针对局部阴影条件下,光伏阵列功率-电压（P-V）特性曲线呈现多个峰值,导致最大功率跟踪（MPPT）算法易陷入局部最优解问题,本文提出了基于负载电压反馈与模糊控制相结合的MPPT算法.通过负载电压闭环控制算法使系统输出功率快速稳定到最大功率点附近,再利用模糊控制算法跟踪到最大功率点.负载电压反馈算法解决了多峰场景下的局部最优解问题,模糊控制算法提高了算法收敛速度.同时,本文算法避免了粒子群算法在粒子切换过程中开关器件上过冲电压过大问题.Matlab仿真和硬件实验验证了本文算法的可行性和实用性.     

Climate and land cover effects on the temperature of Puget Sound streams

We apply an integrated hydrology‐stream temperature modeling system, DHSVM‐RBM, to examine the response of the temperature of the major streams draining to Puget Sound to land cover and climate change. We first show that the model construct is able to reconstruct observed historic streamflow and stream temperature variations at a range of time scales. We then explore the relative effect of projected future climate and land cover change, including riparian vegetation, on streamflow and stream temperature. Streamflow in summer is likely to decrease as the climate warms especially in snowmelt‐dominated and transient river basins despite increased streamflow in their lower reaches associated with urbanization. Changes in streamflow also result from changes in land cover, and changes in stream shading result from changes in riparian vegetation, both of which influence stream temperature. However, we find that the effect of riparian vegetation changes on stream temperature is much greater than land cover change over the entire basin especially during summer low flow periods. Furthermore, while future projected precipitation change will have relatively modest effects on stream temperature, projected future air temperature increases will result in substantial increases in stream temperature especially in summer. These summer stream temperature increases will be associated both with increasing air temperature, and projected decreases in low flows. We find that restoration of riparian vegetation could mitigate much of the projected summer stream temperature increases. We also explore the contribution of riverine thermal loadings to the heat balance of Puget Sound, and find that the riverine contribution is greatest in winter, when streams account for up to 1/8 of total thermal inputs (averaged from December through February), with larger effects in some sub‐basins. We project that the riverine impact on thermal inputs to Puget Sound will become greater with both urbanization and climate change in winter but become smaller in summer due to climate change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.