Favorable Environments for the Occurrence of Overshooting Tops in Tropical Cyclones

Based on Multifunctional Transport Satellite data and the infrared window-texture detection algorithm, the level of overshooting top(OT) activity within a tropical cyclone(TC), which is defined as the hourly mean number of OT occurrence,was statistically investigated in the western North Pacific basin for the period 2005–12. Based on the level of OT activity,the samples were divided into OT and non-OT cases or high-activity-OT(HA-OT) and low-activity-OT(LA-OT) cases. The differences in large-scale environmental variables between OT(HA-OT) and non-OT(LA-OT) cases were examined 12 hours prior to the OT occurrence. Statistical analysis showed that environmental differences did exist between the OT and non-OT cases. The OTs were more skewed towards the early stage of the TC life cycle, and mostly concentrated in low latitudes.Meanwhile, a sufficiently deep warm-water layer, large temperature difference between the upper- and lower-level troposphere, large humidity at the middle and upper levels, and large atmospheric instability, were favorable for OT occurrence.The differences in large-scale environmental characteristics between HA-OTs and LA-OTs were not as significant as those between OTs and non-OTs, but the HA-OT samples tended to occur when the vertical shear was weak and the TC intensity was low. Finally, statistical models were designed to predict the OT and HA-OT. When at least three OT(HA-OT) predictor thresholds were satisfied, the Peirce skill score reached a maximum value of 0.49(0.30).     

CEI对静止轨道共位卫星的轨道确定

主要考察了CEI对静止轨道共位卫星的轨道确定能力。仿真结果表明,利用CEI对共位卫星进行定轨时,需采用基线阵列。对于110°E共位卫星采用三亚-昆明基线阵列、10 km基线和2 d的数据,可使绝对轨道精度达百米级;外推至14 d时,相对轨道精度保持在m级。同样,要使绝对和相对轨道精度达到相同的量级,对于80°E共位卫星,需选用昆明-三亚基线阵列、100 km基线和1 d的观测弧段;对于140°E共位卫星,需选用上海-三亚基线阵列5、0 km基线和2 d的观测弧段。     

Langmuir–Blodgett Film of Asymmetric Calix[4]arene Derivative Modified Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Silver

A new electrochemical voltammetric sensor, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of 25,27‐dimethoxy‐26‐(N‐trichloroacetyl)carbamoyloxy‐p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (DCA) modified GCE (LB_DCA–GCE), was designed and successfully used for recognition and determination of trace amounts of Ag⁺ in water. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the lowest detectable concentration of Ag⁺ reached 1 × 10^?9 mol L^?1. Moreover, LB_DCA–GCE exhibited a well‐defined response relating to the Ag⁺ with good sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and long stability. The recognizing mechanism of LB_DCA–GCE for silver ion in aqueous solution was also discussed. The results show that the size of calixarene cavity may be the predominate factor affecting recognition of calixarene for silver ions.     

Fusion of RADARSAT-2 and multispectral optical remote sensing data for LULC extraction in a tropical agricultural area

In this study, we investigated the performance of different fusion and classification techniques for land cover mapping in Hilir Perak, Peninsula Malaysia using RADAR and Landsat-8 images in a predominantly agricultural area. The fusion methods used are Brovey Transform, Wavelet Transform, Ehlers and Layer Stacking and their results classified into seven different land cover classes which include (1) pixel-based classifiers (spectral angle mapper (SAM), maximum likelihood (ML), support vector machine (SVM)) and (2) Object-based (rule-based and standard nearest neighbour (NN)) classifiers. The result shows that pixel-based classification achieved maximum accuracy of the optical data classification using SVM in Landsat-8 with 74.96% accuracy compared to SAM and ML. For multisource data classification, the highest overall accuracy recorded for layer stacking (SVM) was 79.78%, Ehlers fusion (SVM) with 45.57%, Brovey fusion (SVM) with 63.70% and Wavelet fusion (SVM) 61.16%. And for object-based classifiers, the overall classification accuracy is 95.35% for rule-based and 76.33% for NN classifier, respectively. Based on the analysis of their performances, object-based and the rule-based classifiers produced the best classification accuracy from the fused images.     

浙江省静止卫星白天大雾识别方法研究与检验

根据大雾在可见光、长波红外波段的反射及辐射特征差异,基于高时空分辨率的FY2E静止卫星开展白天大雾识别方法研究。统计分析白天大雾的卫星特征并提取多通道动态阈值,并与自动站观测数据相结合,利用阈值叠加可以实现大雾的自动识别。研究发现,白天大雾的反射率一般介于20%~50%,红外亮温一般集中在270~285 K的范围,通过双通道阈值的结合,基本可以滤除海洋、地表和厚云,达到粗判识大雾的目的。另外,由于地表温度和长波红外亮温的正相关,分季节设定阈值可以适当提高识别准确率,并且同一时刻的大雾反射率和亮温存在像元的均一性特征,因此,实时动态提取双通道阈值,缩小阈值区间,有利于降低虚报率;大雾的细判识需要结合相对湿度的观测数据,滤除低湿区,可以使TS评分增加20%以上。通过对16天大雾样本的检验表明,探测率达到92%,漏报率为8%,但虚报率较高,达到32%,TS评分达到62。可见,卫星双通道和自动站数据的结合应用,在大雾的自动识别中可以达到较高的准确率,但是低云覆盖下的大雾识别存在高虚报的情况,精细分离低云、轻雾和大雾仍然存在困难。     

Exploring the vertical extent of breaking internal wave turbulence above deep-sea topography

A mooring equipped with 200 high-resolution temperature sensors between 6 and 404 m above the bottom was moored in 1890 m water depth above a steep, about 10° slope of Mount Josephine, NE-Atlantic. The sensors have a precision of less than 0.5 mK. They are synchronized via induction every 4 h so that the 400 m range is measured to within 0.02 s, every 1 s. Thin cables and elliptical buoyancy assured vertical mooring motions to be smaller than 0.1 m under maximum 0.2 m s⁻¹ current speeds. The local bottom slope is supercritical for semidiurnal internal tides by a factor of two. Exploring a one-month record in detail, the observations show: 1/semidiurnal tidal dominance in variations of dissipation rate ε, eddy diffusivity K_z and temperature, but no significant correlation between the records of ε and total kinetic energy, 2/a variation with time over four orders of magnitude of 100-m vertically averaged ε, 3/a local minimum in density stratification between 50 and 100 m above the bottom, 4/a gradual decrease in daily or longer averaged ε and K_z by one order of magnitude over a vertical distance of 250 m, upwards from 150 m above the bottom, 5/monthly mean values of <[ε]> = 2 ± 0.5 × 10⁻⁷ m² s⁻³, <[K_z]> = 8 ± 3 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹ averaged over the lower 150 m above the bottom.     

数字航测相机的研究进展

本文阐述了航测相机传感器技术、位置姿态传感器技术和惯性稳定平台技术的发展概况,对具有代表性的两类数字航测相机———框幅式数字航测相机和推扫线阵航测相机的发展进行了叙述,并对国产数字航测相机——SWDC4a和SWDC5系列的研制与发展进行了介绍。数字航测相机的应用增强了对地观测能力、缩短了地理信息处理的周期、提高了对地观测的时效性。     

同步广播卫星电视中秒信号的测量结果及其分析

简单介绍了国家授时中心的卫星电视比对系统,给出了利用时间比对系统测量CCTV信号中插入的时间信号(它们或仅由卫星转发或由卫星转发后再经地方电视台转播)时延的方法和测量结果,并对其进行了分析,对定时用户具有参考价值。     

Development of a remotely controlled debris flow monitoring system in the Dolomites (Acquabona,Italy)

Direct measurements of the hydrological conditions for the occurrence of debris flows and of flow behaviour are of the outmost importance for developing effective flow prevention techniques. An automated and remotely controlled monitoring system was installed in Acquabona Creek in the Dolomites, Italian Eastern Alps, where debris flows occur every year. Its present configuration consists of three on‐site stations, located in the debris‐flow initiation area, in the lower channel and in the retention basin. The monitoring system is equipped with sensors for measuring rainfall, pore‐water pressure in the mobile channel bottom, ground vibrations, debris flow depth, total normal stress and fluid pore‐pressure at the base of the flow. Three video cameras take motion pictures of the events at the initiation zone, in the lower channel and in the deposition area. Data from the on‐site stations are radio‐transmitted to an off‐site station and stored in a host PC, from where they are telemetrically downloaded and used by the Padova University for the study of debris flows. The efficiency of the sensors and of the whole monitoring system has been verified by the analysis of data collected so far. Examples of these data are presented and briefly discussed. If implemented at the numerous debris‐flow sites in the Dolomitic Region, the technology used, derived from the development of this system, will provide civil defence and warn residents of impending debris flows. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南极内陆冰盖表面地貌特征监测系统设计及应用分析

南极内陆冰盖表面的特征与冰盖表面年际降雪量、冰盖表面风速有关,冰盖表面地貌特征主要包括雪面粗糙度、雪层软硬度,这些特征对内陆车队行进过程中的设备运输具有重要的参考价值。文中提出了车载自动化监测冰盖雪面特征的方法,并进行了监测系统的设计与数据分析;该系统包括以雪地车颠簸幅度代表的雪面凹凸程度(即雪面粗糙度),以GPS模块监测车辆行进距离,以激光测距监测雪地车车辙深度来表征雪面软硬度。通过数据采集系统的实时监测软件平台,实现了冰盖表面地貌特征的监测;该系统分别于2012年11月和2014年11月在中国第29次南极和31次南极考察中进行了监测应用,通过对以上监测数据的分析,初步给出了中山站至昆仑站沿途的冰盖表面粗糙度及雪面软硬度结果。