Exploring the use of vegetation indices to sense canopy nitrogen to phosphorous ratio in grasses

Reduced availability of plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) has detrimental effects on plant growth. Plant N:P ratio, calculated as the quotient of N and P concentrations, is an ecological indicator of relative N and P limitation. Remote sensing has already been widely used to detect plant traits in foliage, particularly canopy N and P concentrations and could be used to detect canopy N:P faster and at lower cost than traditional destructive methods. Despite the potential opportunity of applying remote sensing techniques to detect canopy N:P, studies investigating canopy N:P remote detection are scarce. In this study, we examined if vegetation indices developed for canopy N or P detection can also be used for canopy N:P detection. Using in situ spectrometry, we measured the reflectance of a common grass species, Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus L.), grown under different nutrient ratios and levels. We calculated 60 VIs found in literature and compared them to optimized VIs developed specifically for this study. The VIs were calculated using both the original narrow band spectra and the spectra resampled to the band properties of six satellite sensors (MSI – Sentinel 2, OLCI – Sentinel 3, MODIS – Terra/Aqua, OLI – Landsat 8, WorldView 4 and RapidEye) to investigate the influence of bandwidths and band positions. The results showed that canopy N:P was significantly related to both existing VIs (r² = 0.16 - 0.48) and optimized VIs (r² = 0.59 – 0.72) with correlations similar to what was observed for canopy N or canopy P. Existing VIs calculated with MSI and OLI sensors bands showed higher correlation with canopy N:P compared to the other sensors while the correlation with optimized VIs was not affected by the differences in sensors’ bands. This study might lead to future practical applications using in situ reflectance measurements to sense canopy N:P in grasslands.     

GEO/IGSO/MEO对北斗SPP精度的影响

北斗卫星导航系统混合星座增强了北斗的抗遮挡能力,每种星座卫星对定位精度的影响是目前研究的重点。本文基于北京地区的连续跟踪站BFGY站和ZGDZ站2018年第96天实测数据,采用反向分析法首次分析了GEO/IGSO/MEO对北斗卫星可见数、PDOP值和北斗SPP精度的影响程度,发现每种星座卫星都对北斗卫星可见数有很大的影响,对PDOP值的影响最大达到21;GEO卫星对SPP精度的影响大于IGSO卫星大于MEO卫星。     

移动式极地大气参数测量系统I.研制与试观测

研制了移动式极地大气参数测量系统。采用温度脉动仪和三维超声风速计分别对大气湍流强度C2n进行测量。在合肥和上海两地进行了约500 h的仪器性能测试,结果显示仪器运行稳定、两种方法测得的C2n符合得很好。仪器将在2013/2014年度中国第30次南极科学考察泰山站建站期间首次对泰山站的C2n进行测量、越冬期间首次对中山站的C2n进行测量,并计划在2014/2015年度第31次南极科学考察期间对昆仑站的近地面大气湍流强度进行测量。     

Assessing sediment transport dynamics from energy perspective by using the instrumented particle

Sediment transport has been extensively studied. There is still a need to learn more about the mechanisms that make bed particles move, which is caused by turbulent flow in the low transport stages(above the motion threshold and below continuous transport). This work is focused on the use of an advanced tool to obtain a better perception of sediment transport dynamical methods: an instrumented particle equipped with a micro-electromechanical systems(MEMS) sensor. Particle transport experiments w...     

岩矿石孔隙度测量方法

介绍一种基于阿基米德原理的测量孔隙度方法,解决岩矿石孔隙度的测量问题。在研究孔隙度测量原理及常用方法的基础上,采用该方法并完成了孔隙度测量仪电路设计工作,给出了仪器技术指标及实测结果分析。孔隙度测量仪由称重传感器、集成放大滤波的模数转换器、单片机、键盘及液晶显示器等组成。该测量仪不仅解决了测量固体岩矿石标本孔隙度的问题,还可以用于岩矿石标本的质量、体积和密度等多种物性参数的检测。本仪器测量孔隙度准确度优于0.5％,均方差小于0.2%,相对误差小于1%,满足岩矿石孔隙度的测量要求。     

导航卫星的历书参数及其拟合算法

介绍了GPS卫星的历书参数,分析了它们在GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星应用中存在的问题.提出了一种改进的历书参数及其估计算法,并分别用于GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星.计算结果表明,改进的历书参数及其估计算法能同时适用于GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星,且历书参数的拟合精度损失满足卫星快速捕获的要求.     

地铁车站结构振动台试验中传感器位置的优选

在对软土地铁车站结构进行振动台模型试验的过程中,对传感器设置位置的优选进行了研究,内容包括按三维问题的分析论证地铁车站结构在横向激振作用下的受力变形特征,据以确定可按平面应变问题进行分析的断面的分布范围及主观测断面的位置;按二维问题的分析论证地铁车站结构在横向激振作用下的变形趋势,据以确定观测断面上传感器设置的优选位置;以及在满足基本信息采集要求的前提下,对可供采用的信息采集通道进行优化分配的方法。成果对试验获得成功起到了保障作用,对同类试验也有参考价值。     

STUDY ON SEA ICE WITH GMS REAL-TIME DATA*

By use of GMS-4 infrared brightness temperature and visible albedo data from January to February in 1995,the method for extracting of sea ice parameters is developed.The digital remote sensing picture is obtained on Liaodong Bay.Based on the difference in physical properties between ice and water,a criterion distinguishing ice from water is set up.Ice thickness has been calculated according to the relationship between ice thickness and brightness as well as albedo.Ice concentration is retrieved due to the difference on albedo between ice and water.The results indicate that the accuracy of ice-water distinguishing is 84.8%,the errors of ice thickness and ice concentration are 3.8 cm and 22%,respectively.     

静止轨道微波探测器视场偏差特征分析

现有的极轨微波仪器有着较强的穿云能力,空间分辨率较低,故目前而言,国内外鲜有针对微波探测器的视差分析研究,但若未来在静止轨道上搭载空间分辨率较高的静止轨道微波探测器,则微波视场内的视差问题不容忽视。针对未来发展的静止轨道卫星微波探测器,利用辐射传输模式CRTM模拟该类仪器的亮温,并分析其受视场内云影响所产生的视场偏差,结果表明空间分辨率越高,视差问题越明显;天顶角越大,云顶高度越高,视差越大。除此之外,以台风和高云的个例对实际情况中微波探测仪内视差误差进行了展示,说明静止轨道微波仪器尽管有较高的时间分辨率,但是因为视差的存在,仍然会对台风预警的准确性产生影响。     

Smart Sediment Particle: A novel approach to investigating fluvial bed entrainment using instrumented sensors

The Smart Sediment Particle(SSP) instrumented with multiple sensors to obtain tri-axial linear accelerations is used for studying the mechanism of coarse grain entrainment. Three bed arrangements are tested to examine their influences on entrainment processes and the threshold force and impulse conditions. The SSP shows satisfactory precision to capture the imperceptible movement tendencies immediately(e.g., 0.15 s) after the dislodgement. The experimental results show that bed packing can signi...