Characterizing ephemeral streams in a southern Ontario watershed using electrical resistance sensors

Ephemeral streams are small headwater streams that only experience streamflow in response to a precipitation event. Due to their highly complex and dynamic spatial and temporal nature, ephemeral streams have been difficult to monitor and are in general poorly understood. This research implemented an extensive network of electrical resistance sensors to monitor three ephemeral streams within the same small headwater catchment in Southern Ontario, Canada. The results suggest that the most common patterns of network expansion and contraction in the studied streams are incomplete coalescence and disintegration, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis of the primary controls on ephemeral streamflow showed only weak Nagelkerke R² values, suggesting that there are more complex processes at work in these ephemeral streams. A comparison of all three streams suggests that even ephemeral streams within the same subwatershed may experience differences in network expansion and contraction and may be dominated by different spatial and temporal controls. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of stormflow generation—A hillslope‐scale field study in east‐central Pennsylvania,USA

A 40 m × 20 m mowed, grass hillslope adjacent to a headwater stream within a 26‐ha watershed in east‐central Pennsylvania, USA, was instrumented to identify and map the extent and dynamics of surface saturation (areas with the water table at the surface) and surface runoff source areas. Rainfall, stream flow and surface runoff from the hillslope were recorded at 5‐min intervals from 11 August to 22 November 1998, and 13 April to 12 November 1999. The dynamics of the water table (0 to 45 cm depth from the soil surface) and the occurrence of surface runoff source areas across the hillslope were recorded using specially designed subsurface saturation and surface runoff sensors, respectively. Detailed data analyses for two rainfall events that occurred in August (57·7 mm in 150 min) and September (83·6 mm in 1265 min) 1999, illustrated the spatial and temporal dynamics of surface saturation and surface runoff source areas. Temporal data analyses showed the necessity to measure the hillslope dynamics at time intervals comparable to that of rainfall measurements. Both infiltration excess surface runoff (runoff caused when rainfall intensity exceeds soil infiltration capacity) and saturation excess surface runoff (runoff caused when soil moisture storage capacity is exceeded) source areas were recorded during these rainfall events. The August rainfall event was primarily an infiltration excess surface runoff event, whereas the September rainfall event produced both infiltration excess and saturation excess surface runoff. Occurrence and disappearance of infiltration excess surface runoff source areas during the rainfall events appeared scattered across the hillslope. Analysis of surface saturation and surface runoff data showed that not all surface saturation areas produced surface runoff that reached the stream. Emergence of subsurface flow to the surface during the post‐rainfall periods appeared to be a major flow process dominating the hillslope after the August rainfall event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Periodic Orbits Around Geostationary Positions

We generate families of planar periodic orbits emanating from the geostationary points, both stable and unstable. We show that, even for the unstable points, it is possible to have stable periodic orbits.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dissolution and Deformation Characteristics of Limestones Containing Different Calcite and Dolomite Content Induced by CO2-Water-Rock Interaction

To investigate the impacts of mineral composition on physical and mechanical properties of carbonate rocks, limestone specimens containing different contents in calcite and dolomite are selected to perform CO2-water-rock reaction experiments. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) are carried out to examine the change characteristics of mineral dissolution and pore structure after reaction. The core flooding experiments with Fiber Bragg gratings are implemented to examine the stress sensitivity of carbonate rocks. The results show that the limestones containing pure calcite are more susceptible to acid dissolution compared to limestone containing impure dolomite. The calcite content in pure limestone decreases as the reaction undergoes. The dissolution of dolomite leads to the formation of calcite in impure limestone. Calcite dissolution leads to the formation of macropore and flow channels in pure limestone, while the effects of impure dolomite in impure limestone results in mesopore formation. When confining pressure is lower than 12 MPa, pure limestones demonstrate higher strain sensitivity coefficients compared to impure limestone containing dolomite after reaction. When confining pressure exceeds 12 MPa, the strain sensitivity coefficients of both pure and impure limestones become almost equal.     

新型海洋微波遥感器技术研究进展

海洋微波遥感器是目前全球海洋动力环境参数观测、海上目标监测的重要手段。为克服现有微波遥感器在观测中存在的不足,发展新型的海洋微波遥感器是必然的。文中主要介绍了海浪波谱仪、成像高度计和盐度计三种新型海洋微波遥感器,在介绍其国内外研究现状的基础上,指出了下一步应研究的重点。     

静止卫星闪电探测中的虚假信号滤除

静止卫星闪电探测对强对流天气的实时监测和预警具有重要意义,然而大量虚假闪电信号的存在却对闪电探测结果造成了很大影响。文章主要研究静止卫星闪电探测中的虚假信号滤除算法,以提高闪电数据分析结果的准确性。根据虚假闪电信号产生的原因和形态特征,对现有滤除算法进行系统的分析、归纳和总结。研究表明,目前的算法有各自的针对性,不同算法通常针对特定的噪声源起到过滤作用。未来发展方向,一是从仪器本身特点及其工作环境出发,探索适合于我国静止卫星闪电成像仪的虚假信号滤除算法;二是设计更加通用高效的算法,保证闪电观测的实时性和连续性;三是重视算法精度评估,并以此不断改进和完善算法。     

台风事件对东中国海悬沙浓度时空演变的影响分析

东海大陆架常受台风侵扰, 强风浪在破坏水体结构的同时引起大量泥沙再悬浮。台风是影响东海表层悬沙浓度(suspended sediment concentration, SSC)的主要动力之一。本文将台风类型分为登陆和非登陆两大类共八种。基于GOCI (geostationary ocean color imager)遥感数据统计分析了2017~2020年9个不同类型台风事件对表层悬沙浓度时空分布的影响。结果表明, 近海活动型和远海活动型台风使SSC显著增高了150%~200%; 随着风速减小, SSC逐渐下降, 但需要3~4 d才能恢复至台风之前的SSC。风速变化与SSC变化率的相关性高达0.86。近海及远海活动型台风影响研究区域的风向为偏北风, 该类型台风使秋季SSC等值线向外海延伸, 出现舌状分布特点; 而登陆型台风影响研究区域的风向前期为偏北风, 后期为偏南风, 该类型台风使SSC等值线呈基本平行向外海移动较短距离, 但不出现向外海延伸的舌状分布。近海及远海活动型台风事件使SSC分布迅速向气候态平均天气下的冬季输运类型转变, 其中近海活动型台风对SSC分布的影响比远海活动型更显著。登陆型台风对研究区域SSC跨陆架方向分布的影响比远海活动型台风更小。     

Dynamics of wood fall colonization in relation to sulfide concentration in a mangrove swamp

Wood debris are an important component of mangrove marine environments. Current knowledge of the ecological role of wood falls is limited by the absence of information on metazoan colonization processes over time. The aim of this study was to provide insights to their temporal dynamics of wood eukaryotic colonization from a shallow water experiment in a mangrove swamp. Combined in situ chemical monitoring and biological surveys revealed that the succession of colonizers in the mangrove swamp relates with the rapid evolution of sulfide concentration on the wood surface. Sulfide-tolerant species are among the first colonizers and dominate over several weeks when the sulfide content is at its maximum, followed by less tolerant opportunistic species when sulfide decreases. This study supports the idea that woody debris can sustain chemosynthetic symbioses over short time-scale in tropical shallow waters.     

连线干涉系统测量共位双星宽带信号处理与分析

随着人类空间活动的急剧增加,同步轨道资源已变得十分稀缺。为此人们采用了多星共位技术,来充分挖掘同步轨道资源。多星共位中,由于卫星存在位置漂移的情况,安全问题成为维护卫星正常工作必须考虑的问题之一。考虑到同步卫星的轨道特性,常采用三程测距的方式对卫星进行测轨,而且需要较长时间的测轨弧段。连线干涉测量可以获得高精度的差分相位时延,这对卫星在垂直视线方向上构成了很强的约束。给出了连线干涉测量系统设计及测量数据处理方法,并对测量中的关键技术与设备特性、测量数据精度进行了初步分析。     

一种地震预警监测传感器模块的设计及实现

目前世界上地震预警系统基本都是通过地震台网来确定地震的震级并对地震进行定位,其预警准确性的提高主要依靠台网密度的增加。基于地震预警原理以及传感器技术,本文首次探讨了仅用单台地震监测传感器快速测定地震基本参数的可能性。设计了一种用于地震预警的地震监测传感器模块,阐述了确定地震参数的算法。该传感器模块能自动捡拾P波的到时,然后利用P波的初动信息确定地震的方位角,最后利用P波到达后前3s加速度数据确定地震的震级、震源距,并发出警告,达到地震监测及预警的目的。