轻小型无人机测绘遥感系统研究进展

地球空间信息是人工智能、大数据时代的重要数据基础,轻小型无人机测绘遥感技术作为中国当前和未来获取厘米级分辨率、实时响应遥感数据的主要手段,必将发挥更加重要的作用。本文首先介绍了固定翼、多旋翼、无人直升机以及飞行控制系统、地面监控系统和遥控遥测链路的发展现状和潜在发展趋势;其次重点研究了数码相机、视频摄像机、倾斜相机、激光雷达、合成孔径雷达和定姿定位系统的利用现状和发展趋势;然后总结分析了当前无人机测绘遥感面临的系统检测、大范围实时遥感和遥感大数据精准解译方面的问题和挑战;最后面向人工智能、大数据、物联网、云计算等技术背景给出了轻小型无人机测绘遥感技术在飞行控制智能化、测绘遥感作业智能化和实时、实景无人机遥感技术应用模式创新等方面的发展趋势。     

利用静止气象卫星监测初生对流的研究进展

本文主要对近年来利用静止气象卫星监测、分析和研究对流初生的国内外若干研究结果和进展给予了简要综述。主要涉及对流的判识、对流的追踪技术、初生对流的多光谱云顶特征、初生对流的判据和问题与展望等方面的内容。总体而言,利用静止气象卫星监测初生对流,以及发展的对流,是目前国内外研究和探索的热点之一。研究表明,通过精心挑选对对流敏感的光谱通道、通道组合和时间演变判据,可以对初生对流进行监测,可比地面雷达更早地预警降雨系统的发展,显示出在临近预报中的应用潜力。监测对流初生的算法流程大体上分为目标判识、目标追踪和初生对流判识三个部分。国际上主要的一些与对流初生相关的成熟算法各具特色,如RDT(Rapidly Developing Thunderstorms)算法在对流判识中强调了垂直形态的峰值检测,追踪对流时利用了速度外推并检测重叠面积。ForTraCC(Forecasting and Tracking the Evolution of Cloud Clusters)算法关注活跃对流,一定程度上考虑了对流合并和分裂的情况,具有外推预报功能。GOES-R(The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-Series Program)算法特点是多光谱的使用,利用多光谱判识技术进行对流云顶检测,是面向下一代静止气象卫星探测能力的算法。UWCI(The University of Wisconsin Convective Initiation)构思巧妙,所提出的box-average技术简单易行,适合软件工程化。随着卫星传感器和探测能力的发展,以及计算机技术的快速发展,更多卫星资料将用于联合判识对流。同时,更新的计算机视觉、计算机图像处理和模式识别技术也将用来解决追踪中的复杂问题,进一步改进初生对流的判识准确率。     

WiFi-PDR室内组合定位的无迹卡尔曼滤波算法

针对当前室内定位的应用需求和亟待解决的关键问题,结合城市室内环境下广泛存在的WiFi无线信号以及智能手机传感器信息,提出了一种WiFi无线信号联合行人航迹推算(PDR)的室内定位方法。该方法采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法对WiFi和PDR定位信息进行融合处理,有效克服了WiFi单点定位精度低和PDR存在累计误差的问题。针对融合算法中WiFi指纹匹配计算量大的问题,用k-means聚类算法对WiFi指纹库进行聚类处理,降低了指纹匹配算法的计算量,提高了算法的实时性。通过在华为P6-U06智能手机平台上实际测试,在时间效率上经过聚类处理后系统定位耗时有很大程度的改善,平均降幅为51%,其中最大降幅达到64%,最小的也达到了36%;在定位精度上,当室内人员为行走状态时WiFi定位平均误差为7.76m,PDR定位平均误差为4.57m,UKF滤波融合后平均定位误差下降到1.24m。     

无人机红外传感器改制及数据获取研究

针对云雾复杂气候条件下无人机可见光影像难以获取的问题,文章在分析了地质灾害应急遥感监测伴随的复杂气候条件的基础上,根据目前无人机传感器的构造原理,通过对各种红外滤片的分析和比较,研究基于红外滤片元器件的无人机传感器红外改制技术和红外影像数据增强方法,对航摄传感器进行红外改装。实验结果表明,无人机红外传感器在多云雾条件下能够获取高精度清晰影像,有效解决云雾条件下地质灾害应急数据获取难题,为地质灾害应急决策提供参考。     

高轨卫星轨道预报中神经网络模型优化设计

高轨卫星是我国卫星导航系统的重要组成部分。提升该类卫星的轨道预报精度有利于用户定位精度的提高。提出了一种改进高轨卫星轨道预报精度的新方法。该方法避开了精化动力学模型的困难,尝试从轨道预报误差的规律中寻找突破。利用神经网络作为建立预报模型的工具,将某历史时刻的轨道预报误差作为训练样本,利用训练好的神经网络模型补偿当前时刻的预报轨道以提高轨道预报精度。对影响神经网络模型补偿效果的各因素进行了详细分析,制定了适应于高轨卫星短期、中期和长期预报的神经网络最优模型。利用实测数据进行了试验分析,结果表明:预报8,15及30 d应选择的训练步长分别为10,20及25 min;轨道预报8~30 d时,训练噪声均选取0.01。神经网络模型有效地改进了高轨卫星的轨道预报精度,预报4~30 d,轨道精度提高幅度为34.67%~82.37%不等。     

Statistical significance of modal parameters of bridge systems identified from strong motion data

Modal parameters of structural systems have commonly been determined using system identification (SI) methods for damage detection and health monitoring. For determining the deterioration of the integrity of structural systems correctly, modal parameters of a healthy structure have to be obtained with adequate certainty so that these parameters can be used as reliable references for the healthy system to compare with those of the damaged system. In this study, the statistical significance of modal parameters identified using strong motion time histories recorded on two bridge structures is assessed. The confidence intervals of identified modal frequencies and damping ratios are obtained using Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses in conjunction with eigenrealization algorithm. The dependence of the statistical bounds on model parameters is examined. The effect of using different number of sensors on the statistical significance is evaluated using simulated time history data from a validated finite element model of a bridge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rapid delineation of subsurface petroleum contamination using the site characterization and analysis penetrometer system

 The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was used to investigate subsurface petroleum contamination at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The SCAPS is a rapid site-screening tool developed by the Tri-Services (U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force) to reduce the cost of installation restoration activities. The system, consisting of a geophysical cone penetrometer fitted with a laser-induced fluorescence petroleum sensor, is capable of simultaneous, real-time delineation of subsurface stratigraphy and petroleum contamination. Onsite processing of the SCAPS data allows three-dimensional visualization of both subsurface stratigraphy and petroleum contaminant distribution. The site investigation described herein successfully identified three distinct areas of subsurface petroleum contamination caused by leaking underground storage tanks containing No. 2 healing oil. The SCAPS petroleum sensor response was verified by obtaining 20 soil samples and performing onsite and conventional laboratory analyses for petroleum contaminants. Verification sample results indicate a strong correlation between the SCAPS fluorescence data and conventional measures of petroleum contamination. This investigation illustrates the capabilities of the SCAPS for rapid site characterization. Received: 27 November 1995 · Accepted: 11 December 1995     

Fog Detection over China’s Adjacent Sea Area by using the MTSAT Geostationary Satellite Data

A fog threshold method for the detection of sea fog from Multi-function Transport Satellite (MTSAT1R) infrared (IR) channel data is presented.This method uses principle component analysis (PCA),texture analysis,and threshold detection to extract sea fog information.A heavy sea fog episode that occurred over China’s adjacent sea area during 7 8 April 2008 was detected,indicating that the fog threshold method can effectively detect sea fog areas nearly 24 hours a day.MTSAT-1R data from March 2006,June 2007,and April 2008 were processed using the fog threshold method,and sea fog coverage information was compared with the meteorological observation report data from ships.The hit rate,miss rate,and false alarm rate of sea fog detection were 66.1%,27.3%,and 33.9%,respectively.The results show that the fog threshold method can detect the formation,evolution,and dissipation of sea fog events over period of time and that the method has superior temporal and spatial resolution relative to conventional ship observations.In addition,through MTSAT-1R data processing and a statistical analysis of sea fog coverage information for the period from 2006 to 2009,the monthly mean sea fog day frequency,spatial distribution and seasonal variation characteristics of sea fog over China’s adjacent sea area were obtained.     

高轨无缝面阵扫描判断方法：栅格法和几何相交法

极轨海洋卫星的时间分辨率低,不能及时感知快速变化的海洋现象及海洋突发事件,因此,发展静止轨道海洋成像辐射计势在必行。静止轨道卫星可以长时间观测指定海域,但是视场小,需要通过二维指向镜等方式扩大卫星的观测区域。本文意在通过提出漏扫判断方法,给出合理的扫描方式,保证高轨面阵扫描无地理信息遗漏。首先,本文在分析二维指向镜成像原理的基础上,给出了指向镜子图像成像特性以及不同方向、大小的电机转角所引入的像面旋转。其次,画出了子图像的边界包络图,直观地给出了扫描角度变化与图像覆盖程度的关系。最后,提出了两种无缝拼接的判断方法:栅格法和几何相交法,栅格法能够判断出图像覆盖次数,几何法速度快、准确度高。实验结果表明应用本文的两种方法得到了不同扫描角度间隔下地球边缘有无漏扫的情况,找到基于本文光学系统、可覆盖全球且无缝拼接图像的最大俯仰、方位转角间隔,为电机转角步距的设置提供理论依据,保证不漏扫的同时提高载荷的时间分辨率。