Spectral anisotropy of subtropical deciduous forest using MISR and MODIS data acquired under large seasonal variation in solar zenith angle

Recent studies in Amazonian tropical evergreen forests using the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have highlighted the importance of considering the view-illumination geometry in satellite data analysis. However, contrary to the observed for evergreen forests, bidirectional effects have not been evaluated in Brazilian subtropical deciduous forests. In this study, we used MISR data to characterize the reflectance and vegetation index anisotropies in subtropical deciduous forest from south Brazil under large seasonal solar zenith angle (SZA) variation and decreasing leaf area index (LAI) from the summer to winter. MODIS data were used to observe seasonal changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Topographic effects on their determination were inspected by dividing data from the summer to winter and projecting results over a digital elevation model (DEM). By using the PROSAIL, we investigated the relative contribution of LAI and SZA to vegetation indices (VI) of deciduous forest. We also simulated and compared the MISR NDVI and EVI response of subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests as a function of the large seasonal SZA amplitude of 33°. Results showed that the MODIS-MISR NDVI and EVI presented higher values in the summer and lower ones in the winter with decreasing LAI and increasing SZA or greater amounts of canopy shadows viewed by the sensors. In the winter, NDVI reduced local topographic effects due to the red-near infrared (NIR) band normalization. However, the contrary was observed for the three-band EVI that enhanced local variations in shaded and sunlit surfaces due to its strong dependence on the NIR band response. The reflectance anisotropy of the MISR bands increased from the summer to winter and was stronger in the backscattering direction at large view zenith angles (VZA). EVI was much more anisotropic than NDVI and the anisotropy increased from the summer to winter. It also increased from the forward scatter to the backscattering direction with the predominance of sunlit canopy components viewed by MISR, especially at large VZA. Modeling PROSAIL results confirmed the stronger anisotropy of EVI than NDVI for the subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests. PROSAIL showed that LAI and SZA are coupled factors to decrease seasonally the VIs of deciduous forest with the first one having greater importance than the latter. However, PROSAIL seasonal variations in VIs were much smaller than those observed with MODIS data probably because the effects of shadows in heterogeneous canopy structures or/and cast by emergent trees and from local topography were not modeled.     

Channel geometry,bed material,and inferred flow conditions in ephemeral stream systems,barrier range,western N.S.W. Australia

Streams draining the Barrier Range uplands in arid western N.S.W. are ephemeral and undergo rapid channel contraction away from the uplands as a consequence of transmission loss. These processes are documented on the basis of surveys of channel form and bed material at sequential sites located along the contracting lowland reaches of two representative streams. Channel width and depth display considerable fluctuation downstream, but cross-sectional area and maximum bed surface grain size decline in a very regular manner. Flood discharge, estimated from the channel capacity and predicted critical and mean flow velocities, also declines regularly. the trends are well fitted by log-linear models, and are reported in terms of a half-distance, the channel length in km over which the value of a morphometric parameter declines by 50 per cent. Rates of channel contraction and transmission loss are inferred to be inversely proportional to the volume of flow delivered from the upland section of the drainage basin. Unusual channel characteristics, including extensive tree growth in the bed, make application of ordinary flow equations difficult, because friction factors cannot be estimated with confidence. Systematic changes in the nature of the bed surface in contracting streams such as those studied here also have implications for the application of critical velocity equations, and highlight a need for further study of desert channels.     

ArcGIS8图形二进制解读

通过对ArcG IS8 Personal Geodatabase和Enterprise Geodatabase图形二进制字段存储规律的解读,完成脱离ArcG IS环境,使用ADO直接对ArcG IS地理数据库图形二进制字段进行读写操作,为地理资源共享提供了一种新途经,同时提高了ArcG IS8地理数据库应用的灵活性。     

微型无人飞机遥感影像后期处理技术方法研究

微型无人飞机遥感对于影像的采集具有低成本、高精度、快速度的特点,但是获取的数码图像畸变很大不能直接使用。以吐鲁番市葡萄沟景区、和布克赛尔县景区和克拉玛依市化学工业园区的航拍影像为研究对象,对造成误差的各种因素进行分析,归纳总结出引起影像几何变形的因素主要可以分为有规律的系统性因素和无规律的非系统性因素,并针对这些因素提出畸变纠正和"二级校正"的思路和方法。通过实际应用,表明这种影像的后期处理方法和流程是有效可行的,可为资源调查和灾害应急调查提供有力的技术方法和数据支撑。     

Non-existence of five dimensional string cosmological models in Riemannian and Lyra geometries

In this paper, we have attempted to construct five dimensional string cosmological models in Riemannian and Lyra geometries. It is found that cosmic string models do not survive in both the theories. Subsequently, the vacuum cosmological models are constructed and discussed.     

小尺度断层定量预测及对注水开发的影响——以渤中34油田为例

大尺度断层往往控制了沉积盆地的形成和油气成藏,而小尺度断层则影响着注水开发效果和剩余油分布.大尺度断层可以通过二维或三维地震资料识别,而小尺度断层的识别则特别困难.本文提出了一种基于断层分形生长模式和三维地质力学模拟相结合来确定小尺度断层的数量、发育位置和方位的方法,并根据油田开发动态资料来确定小尺度断层对注水开发和剩余油分布的影响.将地震上识别的大尺度断层引入到三维数值力学模型中,模拟大尺度断层形成时期断裂带附近的应力扰动作用,然后结合破裂准则来建立最易发生破裂的方位和最大库伦剪切应力网格,以这两套网格和断层尺度的幂律分布确定的小尺度断层数量为约束条件来确定随机模型,对小尺度断层的密度、产状和发育位置进行定量预测.研究表明:利用分形理论和三维地质力学模拟可以对大尺度断层伴生小尺度断层进行有效预测;小尺度断层对注水开发效果和剩余油分布的影响取决于小尺度断层的规模(断距)以及小尺度断层方位和注采方向的关系.     

基于连续损伤的水平井射孔-近井筒三维破裂模拟

射孔作为井筒与储层之间的液流通道,是水力压裂过程中的重要可控性参数。为研究水平井射孔-近井筒破裂机制,采用岩层变形-流体渗流方程描述应力状态变化,应用连续损伤破裂单元表征三维破裂位置与形态演化,并开发有限元求解程序模拟分析了射孔对水平井初始破裂压力、破裂位置及近井筒裂缝复杂性的调控作用。通过与解析模型及射孔压裂物理模型试验结果对比,验证了模型及有限元程序的有效性;水平井破裂压力数值分析结果与现场测试数据吻合较好。研究表明：射孔可调控水平井破裂压力与初始破裂位置,同时对近井筒区域裂缝扩展形态影响显著。通过优化射孔参数可以引导初始破裂向最优破裂面扩展、有效降低破裂压力,减小由于螺旋射孔空间排布引起的水平井近井筒裂缝迂曲与复杂程度,提高致密油气藏压裂改造效果。     

利用GRIC测度的匹配数据拟合模型检测算法

影像间的匹配点通常受基本矩阵或单应矩阵模型约束,利用不同的描述模型引导匹配会得到不同的匹配结果,并且将直接影响后续的三维重建结果。引入GRIC测度来检测匹配数据的拟合模型,推导了GRIC测度拟合单应矩阵模型和基本矩阵模型的误差方程。模拟数据和真实影像数据实验表明,GRIC测度比利用误差大小来检测拟合模型更加可靠,可以更有效地剔除误匹配点。     

Synchronising geometric representations for map mashups using relative positioning and Linked Data

Map mashups, as a common way of presenting geospatial information on the Web, are generally created by spatially overlaying thematic information on top of various base maps. This simple overlay approach often raises geometric deficiencies due to geometric uncertainties in the data. This issue is particularly apparent in a multi-scale context because the thematic data seldom have synchronised level of detail with the base map. In this study, we propose, develop, implement and evaluate a relative positioning approach based on shared geometries and relative coordinates to synchronise geometric representations for map mashups through several scales. To realise the relative positioning between datasets, we adopt a Linked Data–based technical framework in which the data are organised according to ontologies that are designed based on the GeoSPARQL vocabulary. A prototype system is developed to demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the relative positioning approach. The results show that the approach synchronises and integrates the geometries of thematic data and the base map effectively, and the thematic data are automatically tailored for multi-scale visualisation. The proposed framework can be used as a new way of modelling geospatial data on the Web, with merits in terms of both data visualisation and querying.