The expulsion and retention of dust grains by galactic discs

We have constructed a numerical model of a galaxy that consists of a stellar, gas and dust disc imbedded within a dark halo. We have used this model to assess the radiation, gravitational and viscous forces on dust grains and to trace their motion through the interstellar medium over a period of 10⁹ yr. We conclude that the disc opacity is a crucial factor in understanding the motion of the grains. Large grains (≈0.1 μm) with low disc opacity will lead to dust expulsion from the stellar disc, while high opacity leads to dust retention. Reasonable disc opacities lead to the recycling of the larger grains from the outer to the inner regions of the galaxy. The larger grains travel at higher velocities than small grains (0.01−0.001 μm), and so the smaller grains remain relatively close to their formation sites. Dust can 'leak' out over the entire surface of the disc because of the imbalance of radiation and gravitational forces. The dust is dynamically coupled to the gas and so although the gas lags behind the dust it is carried along with it. This explains the close correlation between the far-infrared emission from dust and the gas column density. We use a simple analytical model to show how the dust mass of a galaxy may evolve with time and how a significant fraction (90 per cent) of the total dust mass produced may have been expelled into the intergalactic medium.     

Infrared photometry of z ∼ 1 3C quasars

We present JHKL ' photometry of a complete sample of steep-spectrum radio-loud quasars from the revised 3CR catalogue in the redshift range 0.65 z <1.20. After correcting for contributions from emission lines and the host galaxies, we investigate their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) around 1 μm. About 75 per cent of the quasars are tightly grouped in the plane of optical spectral index, α _opt, versus near-infrared spectral index, α _IR, with the median value of α _opt close to the canonical value, and the median α _IR slightly flatter. We conclude that the fraction of moderately obscured, red quasars decreases with increasing radio power, in accordance with the 'receding torus' model which can also explain the relatively flat median near-infrared spectra of the 3CR quasars. Two of the red quasars have inverted infrared spectral indices, and we suggest that their unusual SEDs might result from a combination of dust-scattered and transmitted quasar light.     

一种抗数据压缩的矢量地图数据数字水印算法

基于矢量地图数据特点,提出了一种抗数据压缩的矢量地图数据数字水印算法,即在嵌入水印信息之前对数据进行道格拉斯-普克法压缩,然后在特征点中嵌入水印信息.实验分析表明,提出的水印算法在抗数据压缩方面具有较好的效果.     

Defining deep decarbonization pathways for Switzerland: an economic evaluation

This article simulates deep decarbonization pathways for a small open economy that lacks the usual avenues for large CO₂ reductions – heavy industry and power generation. A computable general equilibrium model is used to assess the energy and economic impacts of the transition to only one ton of CO₂ emissions per capita in 2050. This represents a 76% reduction with respect to 1990 levels, while the population is expected to be 46% larger and GPD to increase by 90%. The article discusses several options and scenarios that are compatible with this emissions target and compares them with a reference scenario that extrapolates already-decided climate and energy policy instruments. We show that the ambitious target is attainable at moderate welfare costs, even if it needs very high carbon prices, and that these costs are lower when either CO₂ can be captured and sequestered or electricity consumption can be taxed sufficiently to stabilize it.

Policy relevance

In the context of COP 21, all countries must propose intended contributions that involve deep decarbonization of their economy over the next decades. This article defines and analyses such pathways for Switzerland, taking into consideration the existing energy demand and supply and also already-defined climate policies. It draws several scenarios that are compatible with a target of 1 ton of CO₂ emissions per capita in 2050. This objective is very challenging, especially with the nuclear phase out decided after the disaster in Fukushima and the political decision to balance electricity trade. Nevertheless, it is possible to design several feasible pathways that are based on different options. The economic cost is significant but affordable for the Swiss economy. The insights are relevant not only for Switzerland, but also for other industrialized countries when defining their INDCs.     

皋兰老虎台红砂种群在不同坡向的空间格局及关联性

种群的空间格局是研究植物种群相互作用及种群与环境关系的重要方法。红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）是黄土高原半干旱区的主要物种,通过野外的群落调查,运用空间点格局分析法中的Ripley K函数,分析甘肃皋兰老虎台荒漠植被不同坡向红砂种群的空间分布格局与种内关联。结果显示：红砂种群为增长型种群,其在不同坡向的分布具有显著差异;南坡及西南坡坡向上,红砂种群Ⅰ、Ⅱ级个体在小尺度上呈显著聚集分布,随着龄级及空间尺度的增加,红砂种群聚集强度逐渐减弱,最后趋于随机分布。西坡、西北坡坡向上生长大量的蓍状亚菊（Ajania achilloides）和短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）等对红砂的生长造成抑制并加剧种间竞争,各级红砂种群的分布格局均以随机分布为主。不同坡向上,红砂种群Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体之间在小尺度内表现为负关联,随着尺度增加关联度降低,Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级与Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体之间呈显著的负关联,而Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级之间没有明显关联性,表明龄级相近的个体在空间分布上是相互独立的。综上所述,在黄土高原半干旱区,影响红砂种群分布的主要因素除了其自身的生物、生态学特性外,微生境的影响也十分重要。     

激光扫描多三维视图的全自动无缝镶嵌

三维激光扫描点云在建筑物场景配准中存在同名特征难以区分、投票匹配算法复杂度高等问题。为此,提出了一种基于平面基元组的建筑物场景点云自动配准方法。平面基元组被定义为具有近似相同法向量的点云面集合。该方法从点云中提取平面基元,根据平面法向量方向,划分平面基元组,然后借助基元组搜索同名平面,利用单位四元数法估计转换参数。实验结果表明,该方法适用于建筑物场景,能够实现点云的自动配准。     

断层向错引起的地表重力变化研究

利用三维角点法以及空间物体旋转的几何变换理论,建立断层向错与地表重力变化的关系,并进行数值模拟计算。选取断层下盘左端点为旋转基点,分析断层埋深和倾角对其向错引起的重力变化的影响。结果表明,断层向错引起的重力变化与断层埋深有明显的相关性,在W1、W2、W3向错模式下,重力变化均表现为随断层深度增加而逐渐衰减;重力变化对断层倾角有着不同的响应。断层运动产生的重力变化空间分布特征与断层的向错模式以及旋转基点的选择有关。     

基于华浩超算平台遥感影像几何校正研究——以资源一号02C数据为例

对多源遥感影像进行几何校正是遥感影像应用的重要环节,以往的遥感影像利用人工或半自动的方式进行几何校正时,存在校正结果难以预料,控制点精度不可控,二次校正过程中控制点利用效率较低等问题。本文基于以上问题,利用华浩超算平台,对资源一号02C卫星10 m多光谱影像和2.36 m全色影像进行几何校正。试验证明华浩超算平台的实时几何校正模块,可以对每一个精校正后控制点的精度进行实时控制,并有效地解决了控制点利用效率低的问题。     

增/删点后的Voronoi图构造法研究

论述了在原Voronoi图的基础上增加点和删去点后生成新Voronoi图的算法.在增点过程中,针对新增加点后不满足Delaunay三角网特性的情况,利用最大最小角规则进行局部优化,根据优化后的三角网生成新Voronoi图;在删点过程中,针对删点的不同位置情况,修改相应Voronoi域,生成新Voronoi图.