The General Method for Fixing the Gauges of Relativistic Astronomical Reference Systems

This article applies a new scheme of the first post-Newtonian theory (Damour et al., 1991–1994) to the problem of gauge in relativistic reference systems. Choosing and fixing gauge are necessary when the precision of time measurement and application needs to reach the 2PN level (10⁻¹⁶ or better). We present a general method for fixing the gauges of both the global and local coordinate systems, and for determining the expressions of gravitational potentials and coordinate transformations. The results relevant are consistent with the newest IAU resolutions, therefore they can be applied to astronomical practice.     

Spherical gauges for improving the accuracy of rainfall measurements

Rain‐gauge catch efficiencies are affected by wind. Wind makes raindrops fall at an angle of inclination and the effective diameter of the rain gauge orifice smaller than if raindrops fall into the gauge vertically. Two spherical and two semi‐spherical orifices were designed to modify standard gauges and others in use today. The two spherical orifices catch rain with an effective diameter always equal to the actual diameter regardless of wind speed and direction. The semi‐spherical orifices, used side‐by‐side with a standard gauge, correct 50% of catch deficiencies made by the standard gauge. Tests based on 115 storms show that the four new gauges caught more rainfall than the standard gauge, with an average catch increase ranging from 8% to 16%. Compared with the pit gauge, average deficiency in catch ranged from ?1% (spherical rain gauge orifice with cylinders) to 4%, whereas the deficiency for the standard gauge was ?10%. Percentage deficiencies of the new gauges were positively affected by wind speed, raindrop inclination and rainfall intensity. Although the new gauges tended to underestimate the standard gauge in small storms (<0·25 cm) and overestimated the pit gauge under strong winds, their deviations are small. Underestimates for small storms could be improved by using gauge materials that reduce surface temperature, evaporation and water retention. The gauges are simple in design, easy to operate and inexpensive. In order to maintain a historically consistent set of rainfall data, a dual‐gauge (standard gauge + spherical gauge) is recommended for existing rainfall stations. The new rain gauge orifices are suitable for large‐scale applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球质心偏移与各圈层形变

地幔结构的地震层析图象显示热心南偏和质心北偏可能是地球南北反对称的动力基础。建立了南北半球密度反对称分布的数学模型，计算结果表明：地壳地幔南北半球的密度不均匀分布可使地核偏离地球质心１～３公里，完全符合张焕志１９８２年的计算结果。质心偏移将造成地球各圈层相同数量级的等位移动与等位变形，从而产生大幅度的全球海平面变化和地壳形变。     

基于多进制小波变换的渐进式纹理图像检索

提出了一种基于多进制小波变换的渐进式纹理图像检索方法，纹理图像的特征通过多进制小波分解结果来描述，用低频子图小波系数标准方差和多进制小波直方图结合相应的相似性距离函数，实现目标图像数据库由粗到精的渐进式检索。通过Bordatz和USC纹理图像数据库来检验本方法的精度和效率，获得了较理想的试验结果。     

"允许偏离"在检测、检定工作中的应用

通过对“允许偏离”的分析，说明“允许偏离”在测绘产品、测绘仪器检测、检定中的应用，如何保证质量而实事求是解决问题。     

Error sources of precipitation measurements using electronic weight systems

Liquid precipitation amounts below 0.05 mm in combination with intervals of measurement greater than 3 min and temperature above 15 °C can considerably affect the measured precipitation using electronic weighing gauges. This was shown by tests using different weights put in the gauge in different intervals in order to simulate different precipitation amounts and measuring intervals. These results were confirmed by field intercomparison measurements using pit gauges in two locations in Slovakia. In total, 1571 weight tests consisting of combinations of simulated precipitation amounts of 0.025, 0.05, 0.2 mm and measuring intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 min were carried out. Based on these tests and special software, a new gauge was developed. Using this gauge, the abovementioned error sources were minimized. The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute now uses it at 90 gauge sites. This type of gauge was selected to participate in the current World Meteorological Organization, WMO, Intercomparison measurements of recording precipitation gauges.     

Statistical evaluation of a radar rainfall system for sewer system management

Urban areas are faced with mounting demands for managing waste and stormwater for a cleaner environment. Rainfall information is a critical component in efficient management of urban drainage systems. A major water quality impact affecting receiving waterbodies is the discharge of untreated waste and stormwater during precipitation, termed wet weather flow. Elimination or reduction of wet weather flow in metropolitan sewer districts is a major goal of environmental protection agencies and often requires considerable capital improvements. Design of these improvements requires accurate rainfall data in conjunction with monitored wastewater flow data. Characterizing the hydrologic/hydraulic performance of the sewer using distant rain gauges can cause oversizing and wasted expenditures. Advanced technology has improved our ability to measure accurately rainfall over large areas. Weather radar, when combined with rain gauge measurements, provides detailed information concerning rainfall intensities over specific watersheds. Knowing how much rain fell over contributing areas during specific periods aids in characterizing inflow and infiltration to sanitary and combined sewers, calibration of sewer system models, and in operation of predictive real-time control measures. Described herein is the design of a system for managing rainfall information for sewer system management, along with statistical analysis of 60 events from a large metropolitan sewer district. Analysis of the lower quartile rainfall events indicates that the expected average difference is 25.61%. Upper quartile rainfall events have an expected average difference of 17.25%. Rain gauge and radar accumulations are compared and evaluated in relation to specific needs of an urban application. Overall, the events analyzed agree to within ± 8% based on the median average difference between gauge and radar.     

观测室温度对新沂台地电阻率内在质量的影响研究

自2001年底以来，在冬季室温过低时，地电阻率随着时间的推移其内在质量越来越低。2004年1月底到2月初，通过对仪器进行升温是否会对地电阻率产生影响，以及进行观测室不同温度下对地电阻率观测数据的对比分析。揭示出观测室温度是影响新沂台地电阻率内在质量的重要原因，对今后提高新沂台地电阻率观测数据的内在质量有一定意义。     

土工膜应变计的研制及其应用(Ⅱ):应用

将研制的土工膜应变计应用于三峡工程二期上游围堰现场，以监测防渗土工膜在工程中产生的实际应变，并获得了满意的大应变监测成果。埋设于上游围堰不同高程的18支土工膜应变计，在较长时段内，不仅全部观测到防渗土工膜在施工阶段围堰填土碾压产生的应变规律，如0＋500断面的10支土工膜应变计均测得11％～19％的大应变值，而且大部份应变计一直工作到极限量程才损坏。其中除了0＋500断面因施工加载速率过快而导致防渗土工膜较早产生较大的变形，使得10支应变计在埋设后的施工填土3个多月内即陆续超量程损坏之外，其余的土工膜应变计工作寿命长达3年多。埋设于0＋500子堰和0＋930断面的土工膜应变计，在2000年和2001年夏季汛期中及汛期后，有些监测点的应变陡增到16％～20％之间，据此可以推测，此时该测点处的堰体产生了较大的变形。防渗土工膜的应变监测结果不仅与围堰构筑时的加载速率相关，并与围堰拆除时所发现的变形情况相吻合。     

Probabilistic Analysis of Tsunami Hazards*

Determining the likelihood of a disaster is a key component of any comprehensive hazard assessment. This is particularly true for tsunamis, even though most tsunami hazard assessments have in the past relied on scenario or deterministic type models. We discuss probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) from the standpoint of integrating computational methods with empirical analysis of past tsunami runup. PTHA is derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), with the main difference being that PTHA must account for far-field sources. The computational methods rely on numerical tsunami propagation models rather than empirical attenuation relationships as in PSHA in determining ground motions. Because a number of source parameters affect local tsunami runup height, PTHA can become complex and computationally intensive. Empirical analysis can function in one of two ways, depending on the length and completeness of the tsunami catalog. For site-specific studies where there is sufficient tsunami runup data available, hazard curves can primarily be derived from empirical analysis, with computational methods used to highlight deficiencies in the tsunami catalog. For region-wide analyses and sites where there are little to no tsunami data, a computationally based method such as Monte Carlo simulation is the primary method to establish tsunami hazards. Two case studies that describe how computational and empirical methods can be integrated are presented for Acapulco, Mexico (site-specific) and the U.S. Pacific Northwest coastline (region-wide analysis). * The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.