陕西数字地震台网子台测定震级的研究

使用陕西数字地震台网1998～2003年间的地震记录,以台网平均震级为标准震级,分析了各子台的测定震级。结果表明,各子台测定震级的偏差存在地域分布特征,震级随方位角显示趋势性变化。台址位于平原和山区交界处的台站,对于山区发生的地震测定震级偏大,对于平原地区发生的地震测定震级偏小。最后对震级偏差成因进行了探讨。     

Dimensionality reduction in drought modelling

For monitoring hydrological events characterized by high spatial and temporal variability, the number and location of recording stations must be carefully selected to ensure that the necessary information is collected. Depending on the characteristics of each natural process, certain stations may be spurious or redundant, whereas others may provide most of the relevant data. With the objective of reducing the costs of the monitoring system and, at the same time, improving its operational effectiveness, three procedures were applied to identify the minimum network of rain gauge stations able to capture the characteristics of droughts in mainland Portugal. Drought severity is characterized by the standardized precipitation index applied to the timescales of 1, 3, 6 and 12 consecutive months. The three techniques used to reduce the dimensionality of the network of rain gauges were as follows: (i) artificial neural networks with sensitivity analysis, (ii) application of the mutual information criterion and (iii) K‐means cluster analysis using Euclidean distances. The results demonstrated that the best dimensionality reduction method was case dependent in the three regions of Portugal (northern, central and southern) previously identified by cluster analysis. All the reduction techniques lead to the selection of a subset of rain gauges capable of reproducing the original temporal patterns of drought. For specific severe drought events in Portugal in the past, the comparison between drought spatial patterns obtained with the original stations and the selected subset indicated that the subset produced statistically satisfactory results (correlation coefficients higher than 0.6 and efficiency coefficients higher than 0.5). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of     

Modelling snow water equivalent and spring runoff in a boreal watershed,James Bay,Canada

The hydrology of boreal regions is strongly influenced by seasonal snow accumulation and melt. In this study, we compare simulations of snow water equivalent (SWE) and streamflow by using the hydrological model HYDROTEL with two contrasting approaches for snow modelling: a mixed degree‐day/energy balance model (small number of inputs, but several calibration parameters needed) and the thermodynamic model CROCUS (large number of inputs, but no calibration parameter needed). The study site, in Northern Quebec, Canada was equipped with a ground‐based gamma ray sensor measuring the SWE continuously for 5 years in a small forest clearing. The first simulation of CROCUS showed a tendency to underestimate SWE, attributable to bias in the meteorological inputs. We found that it was appropriate to use a threshold of 2 °C to separate rain and snow. We also applied a correction to account for snowfall undercatch by the precipitation gauge. After these modifications to the input dataset, we noticed that CROCUS clearly overestimated the SWE, likely as a result of not including loss in SWE because of blowing snow sublimation and relocation. To correct this, we included into CROCUS a simple parameterisation effective after a certain wind speed threshold, after which the thermodynamic model performed much better than the traditional mixed degree‐day/energy balance model. HYDROTEL was then used to simulate streamflow with both snow models. With CROCUS, the main peak flow could be captured, but the second peak because of delayed snowmelt from forested areas could not be reproduced due to a lack of sub‐canopy radiation data to feed CROCUS. Despite the relative homogeneity of the boreal landscape, data inputs from each land cover type are needed to generate satisfying simulation of the spring runoff. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interpretation of mean‐field bias correction of radar rain rate using the concept of linear regression

In this study, the correction problem of mean‐field bias of radar rain rate was investigated using the concept of linear regression. Three different relationships were reviewed for their slopes to be used as the bias correction factor: Relationship 1 (R1) is based on the conventional linear regression, relationship 2 (R2) is forced to pass the origin and relationship 3 (R3) is the line whose slope is the G/R ratio. In other words, R1 is the regression line connecting the intercept and the mass centre of measurement pairs, R2 is the regression line forced to pass the origin, and R3 is the line connecting the origin and the mass centre. The slopes of all three relationships were reviewed analytically to compare them, and thereby, the effect of zero measurements could be evaluated. Additionally, the effect of using switched independent and dependent variables on the derived slopes was also evaluated. The theoretically derived results were then verified by analysing the rainfall event on 10–11 August 2010 in Korea. Finally, the difference between the bias‐corrected radar rain rate and the rain gauge rain rate was quantified by root mean square error and mean error so that it could be used as a measure for the evaluation of bias correction factors. In conclusion, the slope of R2 was found to be the best for the bias correction factor. However, when deciding the slope of this R2, the radar rain rate should be used as the independent variable in the low rain rate region, and the rain gauge rain rate in the high rain rate region above a certain threshold. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

站点密度对泥石流当日雨量和前期有效雨量计算的影响

研究气象站点密度在当日雨量和前期有效雨量因子内插中的影响程度,对提高对这2个因子的内插精度有重要的意义。本文针对我国东南地区87个泥石流灾害点和207个站点的降水资料,建立站点密度在5%~100%间变化的空间采样方案,采用反距离加权法(IDW)计算不同站点密度下泥石流灾害点的当日雨量和前期有效雨量。利用分位数方法对站点密度与当日雨量和前期有效雨量的关系进行分析,结果表明:诱发泥石流灾害的当日雨量和前期有效雨量的内插值,均随着气象站点密度的降低呈减少趋势;前期有效雨量的内插值相对于当日雨量的内插要稳定一些。在站点密度大于5%的情况下内插的前期有效雨量可以保持60%以上的雨量值,而当日雨量只大于30%。     

高斯-克吕格投影坐标系下POS角元素的转换方法

我国的地形测量坐标系通常采用高斯-克吕格投影坐标系,由于地球曲率和子午线偏差的影响,POS系统提供的传感器姿态角向影像外方位角元素的转换过程中存在误差,需要引入一个额外的补偿矩阵进行修正.从分析地球曲率和子午线偏差对影像外方位角元素的影响入手,推导补偿矩阵的严密计算公式,并完善了POS角元素的转换公式.通过对带有POS...     

2010年7—8月东北地区强降雨过程分析和预报技术探讨

2010年7月19日至8月底,我国东北地区的吉林省和辽宁省先后共出现10次强降雨过程,造成严重洪涝灾害,降雨具有过程频繁、降水量大、落区重复的特点。利用地面、高空、卫星、雷达等常规观测资料和地面区域站资料及T639、NCEPFNL业务全球分析资料针对上述特点进行了分析。结果表明：稳定而异常的环流形势导致了较强偏南暖湿气流与冷空气在吉林中东部和辽宁中东部交汇,形成持续不断的降雨过程。造成强降雨的主要高空系统有低涡（切变）北上类和冷涡（低槽）东移类,两类的环流形势特点、水汽来源、冷空气作用不尽相同。两类系统的个例分析表明,降雨云团反复生成并经过同一地区是造成较大累积降雨量的主要原因。两个个例的对流云团生成机制不同,7月20日过程对流云团发生于沿低空急流带上超地转偏差风辐合区、高空冷锋前部的上升运动区和位势不稳定区,7月27日夜间过程的上升运动主要是近地层锋面抬升即冷暖空气辐合的结果;生成后对流系统的移动方向可用Corfidi向量法判断。上述分析结果对东北暴雨预报具有参考价值,分析方法同样也适用于我国其他各地的暴雨分析和预报。     

平台运动误差对机载LiDAR激光脚点分布的影响分析

为了有效地抑制与补偿平台运动误差产生的像质退化,针对机载激光雷达平台的运动特性研究激光雷达点云分布的变化规律。从理论上推导了平行扫描式激光雷达、Z扫描式激光雷达和圆锥扫描式激光雷达的点云坐标分布表达式;通过仿真讨论了机载激光雷达运动参数与激光雷达点云分布之间的规律;基于平行扫描式激光雷达,研究了5种运动误差对激光雷达点云坐标分布的影响,最终仿真得到根据影响程度由大到小依次为侧滚角误差、俯仰角误差、偏航角误差、机身上下抖动误差、速度瞬时变化误差。该研究结果为进一步研究机械补偿,以提高激光雷达系统成像的精度提供了理论依据和基础。     

基于无验潮技术的河湖测深成果质量控制

简述了无验潮测深技术的原理和方法,对该技术在河湖水下地形测量中影响成果质量的主要问题进行了分析和探讨,同时提出了实用可行的质量控制方法。