大震地震序列自动地震速报结果分析——以云南漾濞6.4级和青海玛多7.4级地震为例

根据国家台网中心自动地震速报系统在云南漾濞和青海玛多2个地区的台网监测能力,选取2个地区2021年5月18—29日的地震序列,对自动地震速报系统进行性能分析。国家台网中心自动地震速报系统基本实现1min内的单路自动地震速报信息初次产出,根据地震台网密度的不同,产出时间从30～60s不等。与地震编目结果相比,云南漾濞地震序列震中位置偏差较小,青海玛多地震序列震中位置偏差较大,2个地震序列震级偏差不大。青海玛多地震序列震中位置偏差较大的原因是该区域台站稀少且空隙角较大。自动地震速报系统存在少量的漏报地震,与系统定位时信噪比较低、台站空隙角较大及多个地震混叠在一起有关。     

笏山金矿抢险救援6号钻孔快速准确中靶施工技术

笏山金矿发生事故后,我单位按应急救援指挥部的要求施工了6号救援钻孔。针对该矿区花岗岩硬度高,地层岩石破碎,以及地层含水丰富等特点,从设备安装到施工工艺及操作流程,制定了一套完整的施工技术方案。从而避免了误工误时,避免了救援过程中次生事故的发生。全孔采用气动潜孔锤钻进,合理调整钻进参数,不但解决了花岗岩地层进尺慢、钻效低的问题,还确保了钻孔一次性进入预定靶区,施工中做到了“稳、准、快”,最终圆满完成了救援孔的施工任务。     

流量Ⅲ型误差的分析

以表达流量精确度的综合标准差公式为依据,用置信水平85%与综合计算提高了误差指标值的安全程度和准确程度,应用15个测站296次流量Ⅲ型误差试验资料分析确定了单站计算法与综合计算法两套流量Ⅲ型误差实用方案,有效地控制了流量误差并提高了流量精度,且综合计算法优于单站计算法。分析研究成果明显改进了河流流量测验规范的相关规定,为其修订提供了重要依据。     

GNSS测量中天线相位中心偏差的影响及处理方法

通过GNSS天线相位中心偏差差值实验,对不同天线类型、不同机构的天线相位中心偏差进行组合,通过对数据比较分析,采用统一机构的天线相位中心偏差参数可有效降低天线相位中心偏差对GNSS点位精度的影响.     

手持式超站仪配合实验形数法测定林分特征参数的原理与方法

利用手持式超站仪配合实验形数法测定林分特征参数的原理与方法,可以迅速精确获得树木树干的胸径、树高、材积、角尺度、混交度、大小比数、林分胸高断面积、林分平均高、林分平均株数、蓄积量和生长量等数据。文章提出了观测五棵树构成样地的森林计测方法,通过实验研究表明,此方法比传统的森林调查技术更加精确和高效。     

Absolute Calibration of SARAL/AltiKa in Kavaratti During its Initial Calibration-Validation Phase

The Kavaratti calibration-validation site in India at Lakshadweep Sea has been improved to carry out absolute calibration of SARAL/AltiKa altimeter. This site is augmented with a down-looking radar gauge and a permanent GPS receiver. The Kavaratti Island is located near a repeating ground track of SARAL/AltiKa and ～12 km away from the point of closest measurement of Jason-2, SARAL/AltiKa crossover point. Additionally, the altimeter and radiometer footprints do not experience any land contamination. This article aims at presenting the initial calibration-validation results over cycles 001-011 of AltiKa. The absolute sea surface height bias has been found to be ?48 mm at Kavaratti calibration site. In this preliminary study the effect of environmental variables such as winds and pressure are not considered in calculations.     

GNSS浮标高程测量精度的影响因素研究

针对高度计定标检验的需求,研制了GNSS浮标,并在天津市于桥水库和威海市石岛镇分别进行了浮标性能测试。通过对影响浮标数据处理精度的因素进行研究,为GNSS浮标数据处理方法建立了完整的技术流程,使其满足高度计定标检验的需求。结果表明:GNSS浮标可以满足高度计定标检验的需求;但需特定的数据处理方法。(1)在基准站数据处理中,卫星截止高度角选择为5°~15°,数据采集时间不少于24 h;(2)浮标数据处理模式选择为自动模式,并对其进行移动平均滤波或中值滤波处理后,流动站解算结果最优;(3)GNSS浮标的水面高程测量精度优于1 cm;(4)受到GNSS本身的限制,当浮标距离GNSS基准站越远,浮标数据的解算精度越低。     

草酸的稳定性及CO_2包裹体压力计实验研究

应用金刚石压腔(diamond-anvil cell)实验技术,对草酸的稳定性进行了研究。草酸在高压低温条件下可以稳定存在,而在低压高温条件下将分解为CO2、H2O等气体。当成矿流体遇到破裂带或裂隙而发生减压沸腾时,可以使成矿流体中的有机络合物迅速发生分解产生大量CO2,从而造成金属元素在有利的空间沉淀、富集成矿。同时,实验研究了高温高压条件下CO2的物理化学性质,得到了CO2包裹体压力计的测定方程:P(MPa)=271.517·(Δν1381.93-0.010987·ΔT)+0.1,式中Δν1381.93(cm-1)为待测包裹体中CO2的拉曼位移相对于常温常压下CO2的拉曼位移1381.93cm-1之差,ΔT(℃)为待测包裹体的温度与常温(23℃)之差,P(MPa)为待测包裹体的内压。由上式计算拉曼位移ν的标准偏差为±0.2cm-1,压力P的误差为±54MPa。该压力标定方程适用于在高压下温度范围为23℃≤T≤390℃的压力标定。     

Increased colluvial hollow discharge and subsequent recovery after a low intensity wildfire in the Blue Ridge Mountains,USA

Wildfires in mountainous regions have been documented to enhance water repellent soils which can increase runoff, erosion, and sedimentation during subsequent rain events. However, the extent of soil hydrophobicity and water repellency varies significantly with burn severity and between ecosystems, and the southern Appalachians remain an understudied region. Here we examine the impact of the low severity Chestnut Knob Fire, which occurred in the fall 2016, on soil properties and runoff in South Mountains State Park. To examine these impacts, we installed crest-stage gauges in burned (n = 10) and unburned (n = 8) colluvial hollows to compare peak runoff. Results from the 2017 field season indicated that burned locations produced significantly higher peak discharges than unburned sites. From July 2019 to January 2020, we repeated the experiment and found that burned areas produced runoff comparable to unburned areas. Examination of soil profiles during the summer of 2017 found high variability in hydrophobicity in both the burned (n = 10) and unburned (n = 2) soils. Further, we found that burned soils had significantly deflated organic surface horizons compared with unburned soils. We interpret the differences in runoff in 2017 to be the result of a combination of increased hydrophobicity and decreased soil moisture storage capacity in organic rich surface soils. While the recovery we observed here was relatively fast, it is important to understand that increased runoff immediately after a fire likely increases the chances of sediment mobilization and debris flow occurrence.