WFSD-2孔二开孔斜分析及纠斜施工

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程WFSD-2孔钻探工程技术质量要求高,其中,孔斜及取心率尤为重要。但其上部（≤600m）花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、变质火山岩坚硬致密,局部裂隙发育,裂隙面、小断层多且断层倾角大,易造斜,造成岩心堵塞。钻孔结构较复杂,采用大口径牙轮钻进孔斜难以控制,纠斜钻进难度大。二开（47．8—638．01m）施工,从80—311．39m顶角／方位角由0．7°／202．9°到5．8°／222．7°。其后,采用5LZ120×7．0L-5（0．5°、0．75°弯外管）螺杆马达纠斜。从317．43—456．12m顶角／方位角由6．0°／228．3°纠正到0．9°／103．7°,取得了理想的效果。就孔斜及纠斜施工进行总结、分析和归纳。     

大型水利水电工程对下游冲积性河道的影响分析

依据冲积河流的自动调整原理,研究了大型水利水电工程的运用对黄河内蒙河段的影响,分析了近期河性改变的原因以及河床调整的自由度与河流体系能量分配、耗散间的制约关系,并从协调河流与人类活动关系的角度,对冲积河流上游大型水库的运用提出了建议.     

厄立特里亚Zara金矿大角度斜孔钻探施工技术

介绍厄立特里亚Zara金矿大角度斜孔钻探施工情况,重点针对防斜保直钻进技术要求、复杂地层护壁堵漏、“打滑”地层提速增效等钻探技术进行实践探索。阐述了钻具组合合理配置、冲洗液使用工艺、钻进参数合理选择、钻头合理选用等方面技术措施。在初次完成大角度斜孔钻探施工中摸索和积累施工经验,为今后类似项目的进一步开展打下技术和管理基础。     

两种地应力测量方法在某抽水蓄能电站中的应用

简述了深孔套芯解除法三维地应力测量和水压致裂法测量地应力的试验方法及其在某抽水蓄能电站中的测试结果,并结合地下厂房和高压岔管区时地应力测试结果进行了分析。     

Vaisala RS92/90 探测仪的湿度观测偏差订正初步试验

探空观测资料无论在天气预报还是数值预报中都是最基本和最重要的一类资料源。Vaisala RS92/90探测仪资料又在这类观测中占比很大,其湿度观测资料质量的好坏直接影响同化分析和降水预报,故需要对该资料进行质量评估与偏差订正。通过与NCEP和EC再分析的湿度场比较,发现Vaisala RS92/90探测仪的湿度观测偏差,借鉴Yoneyama et al(2008)对该仪器湿度观测的偏差订正方案,从几种订正方案中优选出对分析改进最为显著、考虑太阳辐射等因素影响的订正方案,并将该方案应用到GRAPES-GFS准业务试验中。试验结果表明:Vaisala RS92/90探空湿度观测偏差订正后,同化分析与预报有中性偏正效果。连续试验中订正后预报距平相关在东亚与热带有改进,预报评分显示热带、北半球评分略有提高。该订正方案在实际业务中有其应用价值。     

西平铁矿深孔绳索取心钻探技术应用

绳索取心钻进技术已经广泛用于钻探工程中,深孔钻探采用绳索取心技术可大大提高钻探效率和钻探质量。结合西平铁矿对深孔绳索取心钻探技术进行了应用研究,阐述了深孔绳索取心钻探过程中,钻孔结构的优化以及匹配合理钻具型式的重要性。还就泥浆体系和孔斜控制等关键技术进行了探讨。     

Comparison of Winter Precipitation Measurements by Six Tretyakov Gauges at the Valdai Experimental Site

Analyses of long-term (1991–2010) intercomparison data quantify the consistency of winter precipitation observations by six identical Tretyakov gauges at the Valdai research station in Russia. Relative to the standard Tretyakov gauge, the mean catch ratios are 97 to 106% for dry snow, 94 to 104% for wet snow, 87 to 109% for blowing snow, 96 to 103% for mixed precipitation, and 98 to 101% for winter rain. The differences between the highest and lowest mean catches are about 10 to 11% for snow, 7% for mixed precipitation, and 3% for rain. On average, this difference is about 0.2?mm over the 12-hour observation period. The catch difference for blowing snow is much higher, up to 22%, or an average of 0.6?mm per observation. Comparisons of 12-hour observations show better consistency in gauge performance for low snowfall events and a large variation in gauge catch for high snowfall events. The differences in 12-hour snow catches are mostly less than 2?mm among the six gauges. The differences in the 12-hour observations are less than 1% for rain and 4% for mixed precipitation. Close linear relationships exist between the 12-hour gauge observations for all precipitation types. The maximum differences in gauge snow catches increase very weakly with wind speed, and higher differences are associated with warmer temperatures, from ?5°C to 0°C. There is, however, no significant relationship between the maximum catch difference and the mean wind speed or temperature over the 12-hour period.     

多普勒天气雷达资料同化对冬季暴雨模拟的影响研究

采用基于本征正交分解的四维集合变分同化（POD-4DEnVar）方法,利用梅州站的多普勒天气雷达资料和NCEP资料,对2015年12月9日一次华南冬季暴雨过程进行同化试验,探讨了同化不同的雷达观测要素对暴雨模拟的影响。结果表明:同化多普勒天气雷达资料有利于削弱控制试验偏强降水的模拟结果,改善降水分布结构;同化不同的雷达观测要素得到的模拟结果不同,同时同化径向风和反射率的降水模拟结果最好。同化试验对降水模拟结果的改善主要通过调整初始时刻的风场和水汽条件来实现,一方面减弱偏南风和偏东风在暴雨区的辐合,阻碍海上暖湿气流对暴雨区的水汽输送,另一方面直接削弱暴雨区的水汽条件,大幅降低水汽混合比。同化试验相对于控制试验的同化增量远大于不同雷达观测要素的同化试验之间的分析场差异,这表明同化不同的雷达观测要素对初始风场和水汽条件的调整呈现类似的特征。虽然同化试验的初始场存在较小的差异,但随着模式积分,16 h后模拟降水出现了明显差异。分析同化试验之间的初始偏差演变发现,850~700 hPa的平均垂直速度偏差和雨水混合比偏差在模式积分至16 h开始急剧增长,这种变量偏差的急剧增长与逐时降水偏差的迅速增加一致,是降水偏差增长的直接原因。另外,这两个变量偏差的增大,也伴随着偏差能量的增大,变量偏差增长最明显的时段为偏差能量增幅最大的时段,且偏差能量迅速增长早于变量偏差和降水偏差的迅速增长,变量偏差增长最明显的区域为偏差能量梯度较大的区域。     

依据雷达回波自动选取对比云进行人工增雨效果检验的方法

针对对流云人工增雨作业效果的物理检验,提出了一种根据雷达回波参量自动选取对比云并进行效果分析的方法。以多普勒雷达的数据产品为基础,在作业时存在的所有对流单体中,通过比较它们与目标云的生成时间和空间位置,并应用相似离度法判别从其初始生成到作业时的回波参量及其变化特征的相似程度,自动找出对比云,最后给出在整个生命期内目标云的回波参量随时间的变化情况,以及目标云和对比云回波参量在同一时刻和同一发展时期的比较结果。依据该方法,研制了对流云人工增雨雷达效果分析软件。试验证明:该方法实用性较强,能够快速识别出对比云,在一定程度上消除人为判别的误差,提高对流云人工增雨作业效果分析的科学性。     

Vertical Land Motion in the Mediterranean Sea from Altimetry and Tide Gauge Stations

We have computed estimates of the rate of vertical land motion in the Mediterranean Sea from differences of sea level heights measured by the TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimeter and by a set of tide gauge stations. The comparison of data at 16 tide gauges, using both hourly data from local datasets and monthly data from the PSMSL dataset, shows a general agreement, significant differences are found at only one location. Differences of near-simultaneous, monthly and deseasoned monthly sea level height time-series have been considered in order to reduce the error in the estimated linear-term. In a subset of 23 tide gauge stations the mean accuracy of the estimated vertical rates is 2.3 ± 0.8 mm/yr. Results for various stations are in agreement with estimates of vertical land motion from geodetic methods. A comparison with vertical motion estimated by GPS at four locations shows a mean difference of ?0.04 ± 1.8 mm/yr, however the length of the GPS time-series and the number of locations are too small to draw general conclusions.