New Methods of Fitting the Membership Function of Oceanic Water Masses

1　Introduction　Watermassanalysisisanimportantsubjectinphys icaloceanographystudies (PickardandEmery ,1 990 ;YeandLi,1 992 ) .Helland Hansenplottedin 1 91 6theT Scurve ,whichisafterwardsknownasoneoftheT Sdiagrams ,andsuggestedthatawatermasscanbedefinedby…     

基于模糊Hopfield神经网络的大气降水粒子分类

提出基于模糊Hopfield神经网络的大气降水粒子分类,它是通过计算样本间的模糊关系的相似程度,再加上Hopfield网络所特有的高稳定性,对大气降水粒子进行分类.通过对各降水粒子所对应雷达回波数据的分析,验证了方法的可行性.     

Storm‐event rainfall–runoff modelling approach for ungauged sites in Taiwan

This work develops a top‐down modelling approach for storm‐event rainfall–runoff model calibration at unmeasured sites in Taiwan. Twenty‐six storm events occurring in seven sub‐catchments in the Kao‐Ping River provided the analytical data set. Regional formulas for three important features of a streamflow hydrograph, i.e. time to peak, peak flow, and total runoff volume, were developed via the characteristics of storm event and catchment using multivariate regression analysis. Validation of the regional formulas demonstrates that they reasonably predict the three features of a streamflow hydrograph at ungauged sites. All of the sub‐catchments in the study area were then adopted as ungauged areas, and the three streamflow hydrograph features were calculated by the regional formulas and substituted into the fuzzy multi‐objective function for rainfall–runoff model calibration. Calibration results show that the proposed approach can effectively simulate the streamflow hydrographs at the ungauged sites. The simulated hydrographs more closely resemble observed hydrographs than hydrographs synthesized using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) dimensionless unit hydrograph method, a conventional method for hydrograph estimation at ungauged sites in Taiwan. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模糊评判法在公路黄土洞穴发育程度分区中的应用

阐述了影响黄土洞穴形成的黄土湿陷性、崩解性、地质构造、节理裂隙、微地形地貌和水文及气候条件等工程地质特性和地质因素;在公路沿线地区,公路工程质量及人类活动也是黄土洞穴形成的影响因素。洞穴发育程度分区预测和评价极具复杂性、随机性和模糊性,为此,在对各影响因素分析的基础上,借助模糊综合评判法,对黄土区公路沿线洞穴发育程度分区进行了研究。与实际情况对比分析表明,预测评价结果合理可靠,可作为黄土区已建公路洞穴灾害的防治依据。     

Autochthonous block fields in southern Norway: Implications for the geometry,thickness, and isostatic loading of the Late Weichselian Scandinavian ice sheet

The consistent geographical and altitudinal distribution of autochthonous block fields (mantle of bedrock weathered in situ) and trimlines in southern Norway suggests a multi-domed and asymmetric Late Weichselian ice sheet. Low-gradient ice-sheet profiles in the southern Baltic region, in the North Sea, and along the outer fjord areas of southern Norway, are best explained by movement of ice on a bed of deforming sediment, although water lubricated sliding or a combination of the two, may not be excluded. The ice-thickness distribution of the Late Weichselian Scandinavian ice sheet is not in correspondence with the modern uplift pattern of Fennoscandia. Early Holocene crustal rebound was apparently determined by an exponential, glacio-isostatic rise. Later, however, crustal movements appear to have been dominated by large-scale tectonic uplift of the Fennoscandian Shield, centred on the Gulf of Bothnia, the region of maximum lithosphere thickness.     

南极瑞穗高原1987—1988年度表面物质平衡及其变化

根据1987/1988年度表面物质积累资料,对Mizuho(瑞穗)高原该年度物质平衡的分布规律及其变化进行了讨论,同时还对年内短期天气过程及地形变化对物质平衡的影响进行了分析。研究发现1987/1988年度物质平衡的空间分布与多年平均状况存在较大区别:海拔550m以下的沿海地带表现为负物质平衡状态。从S_16点向内陆80km范围内为高值物质平衡区。年平均净物质平衡量达0.84m雪层深;80km到瑞穗高原内陆的瑞穗站之间为低值物质平衡区,年平均物质平衡量仅0.14m雪层深。在瑞穗高原,表面物质平衡水平表现为低积累,低支出的特征。此外,年内短期气候和地形变化对物质平衡的影响均大于多年平均状态,在高值物质平衡区,气候变化对物质平衡的影响大于地形变化的影响;而在低值物质平衡区,地形变化对物质平衡的影响则大于气候变化对物质平衡的影响。     

Effect of parallel electric field on electrostatic ion-cyclotron instability in anisotropic plasma in the presence of ion beam and general distribution function—Particle aspect analysis

Dispersion relation, resonant energy transferred, growth rate and marginal instability criteria for the electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave with general loss-cone distribution in low-β anisotropic, homogeneous plasma in the auroral acceleration region are discussed by investigating the trajectories of the charged particles. Effects of the parallel electric field, ion beam velocity, steepness of the loss-cone distribution and temperature anisotropy on resonant energy transferred and growth rate of the instability are discussed. It is found that the effect of the parallel electric field is to stabilize the wave and enhance the transverse acceleration of ions whereas the effect of steepness of loss-cone, ion beam velocity and the temperature anisotropy is to enhance the growth rate and decrease the transverse acceleration of ions. The steepness of the loss-cone also introduces a peak in the growth rate which shifts towards the lower side of the perpendicular wave number with the increasing steepness of the loss-cone.     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响

针对雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响,提出根据激光雨滴谱仪上方雷达回波的结构特征将降水过程划分为对流云降水和层状云降水交替分布5个部分,通过基于2种降水类型的第1种分类Z-R关系、基于5个部分的第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系和基于整个降水过程的总体Z-R关系分析雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响.结果表明:当对流云降水向层状云降水过渡时,指数谱从无到有、多峰谱比例减小,Nw减小、μ增大、Dm变化不大;Mw与R变化相似,当Z增大时μ和Dm分别是递减和递增的;Z-R关系(Z=aRb)中a值变化范围较大、系数b在1～2波动且与层状云阶段相比,对流云阶段的a和b值较小;利用第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系反演的雨强与基于雨滴谱仪观测数据计算的雨强最接近;雨滴谱仪在层状云阶段的反演效果明显强于对流云阶段,这与对流云降水中雨滴谱信息变化大且快等因素有关.     

秋季东海溶解态和颗粒态氨基酸的分布与组成*

本文对2012年秋季中国东海31个站位的海水样品中溶解态氨基酸（THAA）和颗粒态氨基酸（PAA）的分布与组成进行了研究。结果表明：表层海水中溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)的平均浓度为0.12±0.04 μmol/L (0.06~0.19 μmol/L),溶解结合氨基酸(DCAA)的平均浓度为0.61±0.51 μmol/L (0.15~1.79 μmol/L),PAA的平均浓度为0.11±0.06 μmol/L (0.02~0.27 μmol/L)。THAA的水平分布特点大致为近岸高、远岸低;PAA的水平分布特点是近岸海域向远海海域分布呈现逐渐减小的趋势。THAA的垂直分布特点是由表层向底层逐渐降低。DCAA、PAA与Chl-a有很好的相关性,而DFAA与Chl-a的相关性不明显。东海表层海水中THAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸及丙氨酸,PAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸及亮氨酸。在表层海水中氨基酸是作为一个整体而对海洋生物地球化学过程产生影响的。