一种Matlab与C#混合编程实现测量平差程序的方法

文中针对测量平差的繁杂性及用户对处理软件的易用性要求,结合Matlab与C#语言编程各自的优势,依据测量平差的基本原理与方法,采用Matlab与C#混合编程方法,设计并实现一套简单的测量平差系统软件,其中Matlab用以实现平差函数程序设计,C#则利用VS.net平台进行界面及输入输出功能实现。以一个具体水准网实例验证系统的可行性与简便性,体现Matlab与C#混合编程在测量平差应用中的优越性。     

Planning of municipal solid waste management systems under dual uncertainties: a hybrid interval stochastic programming approach

In this study, a random-boundary-interval linear programming (RBILP) method is developed and applied to the planning of municipal solid waste (MSW) management under dual uncertainties. In the RBILP model, uncertain inputs presented as interval numbers can be directly communicated into the optimization process; besides, intervals with uncertain lower and upper bounds can be handled through introducing the concept of random boundary interval. Consequently, robustness of the optimization process can be enhanced. To handle uncertainties with such complex presentations, an integrated chance-constrained programming and interval-parameter linear programming approach (ICCP) is proposed. ICCP can help analyze the reliability of satisfying (or risk of violating) system constraints under uncertainty. The applicability of the proposed RBILP and ICCP approach is validated through a case study of MSW management. Violations for capacity constraints are allowed under a range of significant levels. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. They can be used for generating decision alternatives and thus helping waste managers to identify desired policies under various environmental, economic, and system-reliability constraints.     

An inexact programming method for agricultural irrigation systems under parameter uncertainty

Rapid population growth and economy development have led to increasing reliance on water resources. It is even aggravated for agricultural irrigation systems where more water is necessary to support the increasing population. In this study, an inexact programming method based on two-stage stochastic programming and interval-parameter programming is developed to obtain optimal water-allocation strategies for agricultural irrigation systems. It is capable of handling such problems where two-stage decisions need to be suggested under random- and interval-parameter inputs. An interactive solving procedure derived from conventional interval-parameter programming makes it possible for the impact of lower and upper bounds of interval inputs to be well reflected in the resulting solutions. An agricultural irrigation management problem is then provided to demonstrate the applicability, and reasonable solutions are obtained. Compared to the solutions from a representative interval-parameter programming model where only one decision-stage exists, the interval of optimized objective-function value is narrow, indicating more alternatives could be provided when water-allocation targets are rather high. However, chances of obtaining more benefits exist in association with a risk of paying more penalties; such a relationship becomes apparent when the variation of water availability is much intensive.     

求解边坡矢量和安全系数的条分法

矢量和安全系数物理、力学意义明确,通常采用有限元计算得到的应力场来求解。提出一种简便的求解方法,在通用条分法（GLE）的基础上,满足力和力矩平衡的严格条件,推导了基于条分法的矢量和安全系数。采用广义简约梯度法（GRG）搜索临界滑面,在极限抗滑合力矢方向上求解矢量和安全系数。整个计算过程都在电子表格软件Excel内实现,易于在工程实践中推广。对于圆弧滑面边坡,其计算结果表明：①矢量和安全系数与代数和安全系数非常接近,对应的滑面位置也相近。②不同的条间力函数假设（常数和半正弦函数）对边坡的矢量和安全系数影响很小。③极限抗滑合力矢方向? 小于边坡坡角,其值与假定条间力平行时的条间力方向非常一致。在极限平衡分析框架内,计算方法可进一步简化为：假设条间力平行,将条间力方向作为矢量和安全系数的计算方向。对于非圆弧滑面边坡,其计算结果表明：①均质边坡的矢量和安全系数与代数和安全系数相对误差小于3 %,滑面位置接近,而软弱层边坡两种方法的计算结果有一定差别。②不同的条间力函数假设对边坡的矢量和安全系数影响很小。     

A review on the eco-geography of soil fauna in China

This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soil fauna communities. Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamic ranges in space from tropical, subtropical to temperate regions, and in categories from forest, grassland, desert, wetland, farmland to urban ecosystems, the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments. Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire, grazing, farming, fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive (e.g. nematode) and rare groups and community indexes. The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction, environmental purification, litter decomposition and elements cycling. Interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of global change on soil fauna community in China were also included. Finally, the authors pointed out common interests in soil fauna eco-geographical studies, which include application of molecule biology into soil fauna taxa; function and mechanism of soil fauna community diversity; interaction between aboveground and belowground ecosystems; effects of disturbance, pollution, biological invasion, and global change on soil fauna community and function. The review is to provide a scientific basis for promoting soil fauna eco-geographical studies in China.     

主体功能优化开发县域的功能区划探索——以浙江省上虞市为例

选择典型县域,探索主体功能背景下的县域功能区划,为"十二五"期间我国主体功能区规划的深入实施提供借鉴,也为目前学术界有关地域功能区划的研究提供案例。本文选择空间差异显著的浙江省上虞市,探讨主体功能优化开发背景下县域功能区划的一般原则、区划思路和指标体系。基于土地开发适宜性评价,以及主要自然、人文要素空间分异的分析,按照国家主体功能区规划的部署,估测了上虞市在现状技术水平下土地开发强度的合理值,提出了2级4类的功能区划方案。     

主体功能区视角下的县域城镇化发展路径探析

主体功能区建设是区域开发的新思维,将对县域城镇化的发展思路、空间布局、产业发展、制度创新、公共服务等方面带来重大影响。文中运用空间结构理论、城镇化理论和制度经济学方法,在分析县域城镇化存在问题的基础上,结合主体功能区规划建设,对县域城镇化的实现路径进行了探索。认为推进县域城镇化过程中要明确主体功能区定位,并在规划布局、城镇建设、产业发展、教育培训和制度创新等方面有所突破,以实现县域城镇化的科学发展。     

我国土壤动物生态地理研究进展

通过回顾我国近30年来土壤动物生态地理研究的进展,概述了我国土壤动物群落多样性及生态地理分布。包括我国从热带、亚热带到温带,从森林、草地、沙漠到湿地、农田乃至城市等诸多生态系统。总结了土壤动物群落对环境的响应及其指示意义研究的相关进展,从土壤动物对环境的营造、净化及其在生态系统凋落物分解和物质循环中的作用三个方面论述了土壤动物的功能,最后介绍了土壤动物与其他生物的互作、地上地下的生态学联系、全球变化对土壤动物群落的影响等热点领域的研究现状,并提出了未来土壤动物生态地理研究的热点问题。包括分子生物技术在土壤动物分类研究中的应用;土壤动物群落多样性的功能和机理;地上与地下生态系统的交互作用;干扰、污染、生物入侵和全球变化对土壤动物群落和功能的影响等。     

多元线性回归分析法计算顶管施工引起的地面沉降

采用多元线性回归分析法建立了一个地面沉降和其产生的主要因素之间的回归模型,并利用VC编程实现了这个回归模型。程序运行中与实测数据紧密结合动态更新回归模型,预测的沉降结果与实测数据比吻合。     

分层总和法计算沉降的几点改进

利用Matlab6.1平台,通过编制可视化应用程序,对分层总和法计算沉降的传统方法作了较大的改进,地基中的附加应力采用原始积分公式,压缩曲线采用双曲线形式,使用非线性最小二乘法进行拟合处理,压缩层计算深度与分层厚度不再受到限制,数据输入、输出及沉降计算过程均通过可视化界面进行操作,不再需要通过查表、查图计算基础底面的沉降,计算过程简单便利,计算结果重复性好,具有较大的实际应用价值。