浅谈空调节能新技术

空调能耗在建筑能耗中所占的比重越来越大,本文简介了近年来空调节能的新技术,包括变频技术的发展和应用、太阳能制冷技术的发展潜力、地源热泵的应用、新型蓄能技术和分布式冷热电联产系统的研究。     

软岩巷道聚丙烯混凝土钢筋网壳复合衬砌试验及工程应用研究

根据大跨度空间壳体力学原理,研究聚丙烯网壳锚喷支护新技术。其技术特色是用一种在地面加工成型的特殊三维钢筋支架代替普通的二维钢筋网,大幅度提高了锚网喷结构的支撑能力,不需要使用型钢支架、锚索、围岩注浆等手段进行加固就能有效地支护高地压大变形巷道、跨采动压巷道、冲击地压巷道以及大断面硐室等。依托西山煤电集团大巷破碎段修复工程,完成了聚丙烯纤维混凝土钢筋网壳复合衬砌支护结构的室内模型试验,研究了复合衬砌的变形、破坏形态与发展规律。现场应用表明,在不降低支护的承载能力的情况下,与重型金属支架相比,该支护形式降低了钢材用量和混凝土回弹量,且具有良好的柔性,是软岩巷道一种优良的让压支护结构,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

气象因子对洪湖有机氯农药大气沉降的影响

对洪湖进行了为期一年(2005年2月-2006年2月)的大气沉降采样,采用被动大气采样方法对大气沉降中的有机氯农药进行了分析,得到该年通过大气沉降向洪湖输入有机氯农药9.77 kg,其中大气颗粒态沉降量为2.74 kg,湿沉降量为7.03kg。大气沉降中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的沉降量最大。将所获气象数据和各季度有机氯农药大气沉降量进行了相关性分析,结果表明:①气象因子对湿沉降的相关性较大气颗粒态沉降的明显,其中降雨量、平均温度、平均风速与湿沉降量的相关系数最高;②风速、温度、日照对有机氯农药在气相溶解态和大气颗粒态分配影响强烈,而温度是决定有机氯农药在大气中以何种形式沉降的主要因素;③由于降雨的前锋时段具备有效的强沉降能力,使得连续性降雨频次对大气沉降影响强烈。     

频率域海底电磁法三维正演研究

为了研究频率域海底电磁法在油气勘探中的可行性,根据海底电磁法的观测特点,建立海底三维地电模型,采用频率域FDTD三维正演模拟程序,计算不同参数时频率域电磁响应,获得了不同模型、不同频率下电磁场的响应。     

三维地震勘探技术在新疆山区的应用效果

新疆准南煤田铁列克井田地形复杂,冲沟发育,多为"V"字型谷,沟谷坡度较陡,区内最高处海拔2 121m,最低处为铁列克河海拔1 471m,高差650m。针对该地区三维地震勘探的主要难点,提出了针对性的技术措施,除了确保野外地震采集质量及室内资料保真等处理外,资料解释采用了全三维精细解释。实际勘探成果证明三维地震勘探技术在西部山区也可取得较好的勘探效果,为西部矿井高产高效提供可靠的地质信息。     

温室气体浓度增加情景下西北太平洋热带气旋变化的模拟分析

利用德国Max-Planck气象研究所参与政府间气候变化委员会(The Intergovernmental Panelon Cli-mate Change,IPCC)第四次评估报告的气候系统模式(ECHAM5/MPI-OM)的数值模拟结果,分析研究了全球增暖背景下西北太平洋热带气旋的变化。结果表明,ECHAM5模式较好的模拟出了热带气旋的基本结构和频数的分布特征。当大气中CO2浓度增加时,热带气旋中心的最低气压升高,850hPa正涡度降低,风速减小,风场出现反气旋性环流异常,暖心强度减弱,气旋的低层径向流入和高层径向流出减少,气旋总体强度减弱。CO2浓度的增加会总体上减少西北太平洋热带气旋的生成频数,从模拟结果看年均减少10个左右。就CO2浓度增加对热带气旋频数季节变化的影响而言,CO2浓度增加所引起气旋频数减少较平均的分配到多个月份里,表明CO2浓度增加引起的大气环流异常在全年都会对西北太平洋热带气旋的发生频数产生影响。分析加拿大参加IPCC第四次评估报告的CGCM3.1(T47)模拟资料,其结果与ECHAM5资料得到的结果大致相似。     

近48a山西暴雨日数气候特征及其变化趋势

利用山西省68个气象台站近48 a(1961-2008年)的逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall法、Morlet小波变换以及合成分析等统计方法,分析了山西省暴雨发生次数(日数)的时空分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:全省暴雨发生次数存在由南向北递减的空间分布特征,暴雨主要集中在太行山以南的晋东南一带;在季节分布上,暴雨主要出现在汛期(5-9月),特别是主汛期(7-8月)是全省暴雨最集中的时段;在旬季分布上,暴雨次数从5月中旬开始缓慢增加,7月上旬则急剧增加,7月下旬达到峰值。近48 a来全省暴雨日数呈现出下降趋势,尤其是7月份下降趋势最为明显;上世纪70年代末暴雨发生次数出现了较为明显的转折,全省大部分地区暴雨发生次数有所减少,特别是在晋东南南部一带和吕梁山北部地区减幅最大。     

Spatial,inter and intra‐annual variability of the Upper Blue Nile Basin rainfall

In this study, monthly and annual Upper Blue Nile Basin rainfall data were analyzed to learn the rainfall statistics and its temporal and spatial distribution. Frequency analysis and spatial characterization of rainfall in the Upper Blue Nile Basin are presented. Frequency analysis was performed on monthly basin rainfall. Monthly basin average rainfall data were computed from a network of 32 gauges with varying lengths of records. Monthly rainfall probability distribution varies from month to month fitting Gamma‐2, Normal, Weibull and Log‐Normal distributions. The January, July, October and November basin rainfall fit the Gamma‐2 probability distribution. The February, June and December ones fit Weibull distribution. The March, April, May and August rainfall fit Normal distribution. The September rainfall fits Log‐Normal distribution. Upper Blue Nile Basin is relatively wet with a mean annual rainfall of 1423 mm (1960–2002) with a standard deviation of 125 mm. The annual rainfall has a Normal probability distribution. The 100‐year‐drought basin annual rainfall is 1132 mm and the 100‐year‐wet basin annual rainfall is 1745 mm. The dry season is from November through April. The wet season runs from June through September with 74% of the annual rainfall. October and May are transition months. Monthly and annual rainfalls for return periods 2‐, 5‐, 10‐, 25‐, 50‐ and 100‐year dry and wet patterns are presented. Spatial distribution of annual rainfall over the basin is mapped and shows high variation with the southern tip receiving as high as 2049 mm and the northeastern tip as low as 794 mm annual average rainfall. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Copula‐based flood frequency (COFF) analysis at the confluences of river systems

Many civil infrastructures are located near the confluence of two streams, where they may be subject to inundation by high flows from either stream or both. These infrastructures, such as highway bridges, are designed to meet specified performance objectives for floods of a specified return period (e.g. the 100 year flood). Because the flooding of structures on one stream can be affected by high flows on the other stream, it is important to know the relationship between the coincident exceedence probabilities on the confluent stream pair in many hydrological engineering practices. Currently, the National Flood Frequency Program (NFF), which was developed by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and based on regional analysis, is probably the most popular model for ungauged site flood estimation and could be employed to estimate flood probabilities at the confluence points. The need for improved infrastructure design at such sites has motivated a renewed interest in the development of more rigorous joint probability distributions of the coincident flows. To accomplish this, a practical procedure is needed to determine the crucial bivariate distributions of design flows at stream confluences. In the past, the copula method provided a way to construct multivariate distribution functions. This paper aims to develop the Copula‐based Flood Frequency (COFF) method at the confluence points with any type of marginal distributions via the use of Archimedean copulas and dependent parameters. The practical implementation was assessed and tested against the standard NFF approach by a case study in Iowa's Des Moines River. Monte Carlo simulations proved the success of the generalized copula‐based joint distribution algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural vibration characteristics of gravity structures

A forced vibration procedure is presented to estimate fundamental and higher frequencies of vibrations and associated mode shapes of gravity structures. The gravity structures considered are retaining walls and gravity dams. The validity of the proposed procedure is tested on three test problems of varying complexity for which the natural vibration frequencies and mode shapes either have known analytical solutions or have been determined via numerical means/field tests by others. Also included are the results of natural vibration frequencies and associated mode shapes for a spillway control structure located near the abutment end of an embankment dam obtained using the proposed procedure. For all problems considered, fundamental frequency and mode shape results using the proposed procedure are compared with the results obtained using an alternative procedure in which static deflections due to the structure's own weight are used as the starting point for free vibrations by setting the gravity vector to zero. All results compare well. The merits of the proposed procedure are discussed. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.