Global trench migration velocities and slab migration induced upper mantle volume fluxes: Constraints to find an Earth reference frame based on minimizing viscous dissipation

Since the advent of plate tectonics different global reference frames have been used to describe the motion of plates and trenches. The difference in plate motion and trench migration between different reference frames can be substantial (up to 4 cm/yr). This study presents an overview of trench migration velocities for all the mature and incipient subduction zones on Earth as calculated in eight different global reference frames. Calculations show that, irrespective of the reference frame: (1) trench retreat always dominates over trench advance, with 62–78% of the 244 trench segments retreating; (2) the mean and median trench velocity are always positive (retreating) and within the range 1.3–1.5 cm/yr and 0.9–1.3 cm/yr, respectively; (3) rapid trench retreat is only observed close to lateral slab edges (< 1500 km); and (4) trench retreat is always slow far from slab edges (> 2000 km). These calculations are predicted by geodynamic models with a varying slab width, in which plate motion, trench motion and mantle flow result from subduction of dense slabs, suggesting that trench motion is indeed primarily driven by slab buoyancy forces and that proximity to a lateral slab edge exerts a dominant control on the trench migration velocity. Despite these four general conclusions, significant differences in velocities between such reference frames remain. It is therefore important to determine which reference frame most likely describes the true absolute velocities to get an understanding of the forces driving plate tectonics and mantle convection. It is here proposed that, based on fluid dynamic considerations and predictions from geodynamic modelling, the best candidate is the one, which optimises the number of trench segments that retreat, minimizes the trench–perpendicular trench migration velocity (v_T) in the centre of wide (> 4000 km) subduction zones, maximizes the number of retreating trench segments located within 2000 km of the closest lateral slab edge, minimizes the average of the absolute of the trench–perpendicular trench migration velocity (|v_T|) for all subduction zones on Earth, and minimizes the global upper mantle toroidal volume flux (_To) that results from trench migration and associated lateral slab migration (i.e. slab rollback or slab roll-forward). Calculations show that these conditions are best met in one particular Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame, where 75% of the subduction zones retreat, v_T in the centre of wide subduction zones ranges between − 3.5 and 1.8 cm/yr, 83% of the trench segments located within 2000 km of the closest lateral slab edge retreat, the average of |v_T| is 2.1 cm/yr, and _To = 456 km³/yr (lower limit) and 539 km³/yr (upper limit). Inclusion of all the incipient subduction zones on Earth results in slightly greater fluxes of 465 km³/yr (lower limit) and 569 km³/yr (upper limit). It is also found that this reference frame is close to minimizing the total sub-lithospheric upper mantle volume flux (_K) associated with motion of continental keels located below the major cratons. It is stressed, however, that _K is an order of magnitude smaller than _To, and thus of subordinate importance. In conclusion, the Indo-Atlantic hotspot reference frame appears preferable for calculating plate velocities and plate boundary velocities.     

南堡凹陷南部东营组高分辨率层序地层学分析

南堡凹陷在古近纪是一个"北断南超"的断陷构造,东营组主要发育(扇)三角洲—湖泊相沉积体系,对于其南部地区的地层等时格架研究尚未深入。依据高分辨率层序地层学原理,综合岩芯、录井、测井以及地震资料,识别出南堡凹陷东营组内的4个基准面旋回,将南堡凹陷东营组划分为1个长期旋回、4个中期旋回及多个短期旋回,并对各界面和层序的测井响应、地震反射特征、短期旋回叠加样式及沉积相特征进行了分析,初步建立了南堡凹陷南部的等时地层格架。     

On the accuracy assessment of celestial reference frame realizations

The scatter of the celestial pole offset (CPO) time-series obtained from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations is used as a measure of the accuracy of celestial reference frame (CRF) realizations. Several scatter indices (SI), including some proposed for the first time, are investigated. The first SI is based on residual analysis of CPO series with respect to a free core nutation (FCN) model. The second group of SIs includes Allan deviation and its extensions, which allow the treatment of unequally weighted and multidimensional observations. Application of these criteria to several radio source catalogues (RSCs) showed their ability to perform a preliminary assessment of the quality of each RSC. The 2D Allan deviation estimate seems to be the most sensitive measure. The proposed extensions of Allan deviation, weighted and multidimensional, can also be used for the statistical analysis of other time-series.     

地壳运动速度场的数据融合研究

针对速度场融合中公共点的筛选对求解参数的影响、转换参数随公共点个数的变化,以及六参数转换和七参数转换对结果精度的影响等问题进行了较为深入的研究.针对东亚地区的地壳运动问题,给出了合理的速度场融合方案,并对1997～2005年间的GPS观测结果进行了速度场融合,获得了东北亚地区现今地壳运动的统一速度场.     

古建筑木构架的整体稳定性分析

中国古代木构建筑具有较好的抗震性能,其独特的分层结构形式对整体稳定性有一定的影响.通过对木构架的构造形式、连接方式进行研究,总结出对称结构形式,柱列侧脚与生起做法,普柏枋、阑额与地桴的联结作用,厚重屋顶构造以及榫卯连接技术是其具有较好整体稳定性的主要原因.     

边坡加固中预应力锚索框架地梁的杆系有限元分析

提出利用杆系有限元,考虑地梁与岩土体相互作用的方法,对边坡加固中的预应力锚索框架地梁进行计算。基于线弹性Winkler地基模型,分别考虑结构的弯曲变形和扭转变形,对框架地梁有限元计算模型进行了详细地分析说明。应用该方法对某工程实例进行了计算,与实测值的对比分析结果表明了该方法的可行性。     

东北稳定参考框架NEChina20

选用中国地壳运动观测网络（CMONOC）在东北地区2012~2019年的GNSS观测数据,建立东北稳定参考框架（NEChina20）,实现由全球参考框架IGS14到NEChina20的位置坐标转换。NEChina20与全球参考框架IGS14保持坐标系缩放比例一致,两者在历元2020.0对齐。NEChina20的精度（稳定性）在水平方向约为0.5 mm/a, 在垂直方向 约为0.6 mm/a。参考框架的稳定性随时间的推移和覆盖面积的增加而退化,建议NEChina20 的适用范围在时间上限于从2005~2025年约20 a的时间窗口,在空间上限于东北地块及南端的河套断陷带和张家口-渤海断裂带。选用东北地区4个基岩站2000~2019年的GNSS连续观测数据,建立东北地区季节性地面升降模型。NEChina20与该季节性模型相结合,为在东北地区开展长期的、高精度的变形观测构建了基础设施。     

卫星天线相位中心改正模型对参考框架转换中尺度参数的影响分析

计算了7个IGS分析中心第二次重新处理单天解与IGS14之间的尺度参数,并采用极大似然方法对其进行分析,比较两种GNSS卫星天线相位中心改正模型对尺度参数序列噪声模型、平均偏移量、速度及季节性信号的影响。结果表明,所有尺度参数的随机特性均可由白噪声加幂律噪声较好地描述,不同分析中心的尺度参数速度值在-0.22～-0.15 mm/a之间变化,尺度参数的周年信号显著,半周年信号相对较弱;卫星天线相位中心改正模型的变化对尺度参数的平均偏移量影响显著,对其随机特性、速度及季节性信号影响较小。     

GGOS和大地测量技术进展

在2005年8月澳大利亚凯恩斯(Cairns)国际大地测量协会(IAG)科学大会上,全球大地测量观测系统(GlobalGeodeticObservingSystem,简为GGOS)作为这次科学大会一个重要议题成为一个热点问题,也成为未来大地测量学科进展的一个风向标。本文较为全面地介绍了GGOS的背景、目标、任务和科学原理等,结合GGOS在全球动力系统观测中的应用构想,说明了GGOS与其他地球观测系统越来越紧密的联系和相互促进的发展趋势。除此之外,本文还简要介绍了这次科学大会其他领域如大地坐标框架和卫星重力等领域的最新进展。     

精密单点定位在国土调查正射影像底图生产中的应用研究

精密单点定位技术作为一种快速获取像控点坐标的方法,不需要同步联测,可在大面积正射影像生产中发挥重要作用。通过对不同时段长度观测数据的精密单点定位和ITRF2014框架瞬时历元坐标向CGCS2000坐标转换两个方面的探讨,分析了精密单点定位技术进行像控点测量并实现正射影像生产的关键问题。结果表明:以60 min观测时长数据进行精密单点定位,并利用框架转换参数和格网速度场实现像控点CGCS2000坐标获取的最大点位误差为0.38 m,可以满足国土调查1∶10 000比例尺正射影像底图生产像控点测量精度要求。