Selection of Less Biased Threshold Angles for SAM Classification Using the Real Value–Area Fractal Technique

The accuracy of classification of the Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM) is warranted by choosing the appropriate threshold angles, which are normally defined by the user. Trial‐and‐error and statistical methods are commonly applied to determine threshold angles. In this paper, we discuss a real value–area (RV–A) technique based on the established concentration–area (C–A) fractal model to determine less biased threshold angles for SAM classification of multispectral images. Short wave infrared (SWIR) bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images were used over and around the Sar Cheshmeh porphyry Cu deposit and Seridune porphyry Cu prospect. Reference spectra from the known hydrothermal alteration zones in each study area were chosen for producing respective rule images. Segmentation of each rule image resulted in a RV–A curve. Hydrothermal alteration mapping based on threshold values of each RV–A curve showed that the first break in each curve is practical for selection of optimum threshold angles. The hydrothermal alteration maps of the study areas were evaluated by field and laboratory studies including X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin section study of rock samples. The accuracy of the SAM classification was evaluated by using an error matrix. Overall accuracies of 80.62% and 75.45% were acquired in the Sar Cheshmeh and Seridune areas, respectively. We also used different threshold angles obtained by some statistical techniques to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed RV–A technique. Threshold angles provided by statistical techniques could not enhance the hydrothermal alteration zones around the known deposits, as good as threshold angles obtained by the RV–A technique. Since no arbitrary parameter is defined by the user in the application of the RV‐A technique, its application prevents introduction of human bias to the selection of optimum threshold angle for SAM classification.     

Remote sensing-based analysis of the planform changes in the Upper Amazon River over the period 1986–2006

An analysis of the planform changes of the Colombian reach of the Amazon River was carried out over a period of 19.9 years. Remote sensing image processing techniques were applied to Landsat images acquired in 1986, 1994, 2001 and, 2006. These images were selected based on minimal daily water level variations, while providing the widest temporal span. Plan view river changes and geomorphologic characteristics were examined to identify which channel pattern classification best represents this large tropical river system. Discharge was also analyzed to determine whether changes in the river's plan view are a direct response to variations in discharge. The system had a depositional tendency between 1986 and 2006, with a period where erosion was more intense than deposition between 1994 and 2001. Percent change in the plan view area of the system (1.4% yr⁻¹) and the maximum migration rates (125 m yr⁻¹) suggest that this reach of the Amazon is less active than reaches upstream and the downstream reach between the confluences of the Jutaí and Japurá Rivers. Variations in discharge appear to be responsible for deposition and erosion dynamics observed after this remote sensing analysis in the Colombian reach of the Amazon River. Characteristics including multiple channels with vegetated islands developed from within-channel deposition, meandering planform, lateral activity of channel margins, and the absence of islands with saucer-like morphology suggest a multichannel, meandering pattern for this reach of the Amazon, that corresponds to a laterally active anabranching river.     

基于Budyko假设和分形理论的水沙变化归因识别——以北洛河流域为例

全球气候变化及人类活动深刻影响了区域水文过程,进行水沙变化归因识别对流域生态保护和高质量发展尤为重要。基于Budyko假设和分形理论,采用弹性系数法,对北洛河流域上（丘陵沟壑区）、中（土石山林—高塬沟壑区）、下游（渭北旱塬农区）3种不同地貌和植被类型区1959—2019年的水、沙通量变化进行归因分析。结果表明,北洛河上、中、下游径流量均显著减少,由20世纪60年代的35 mm、32 mm、34 mm,减少到21世纪10年代的19 mm、24 mm、6 mm,60 a减少率分别为0.3 mm a^-1、0.2 mm a^-1、0.4 mm a^-1。上游输沙量极显著减少,中游降低趋势不显著,下游显著减少,由20世纪60年代的99×10⁶ t、8×10⁶ t、3×10⁶ t,减少到21世纪10年代的10×10⁶ t、3×10⁶ t、0.3×10⁶ t,60 a减少率分别为1.5×10⁶ t a^-1、0.04×10⁶ t a^-1、0.1×10⁶ t a^-1。20世纪70年代以来,上游径流变化逐渐受人类活动影响,且影响程度逐渐增强,21世纪10年代人类活动贡献率达66.3%;气候变化是中游径流变化的主控因子,21世纪10年代降雨和潜在蒸散发的贡献率分别为77.0%和20.2%;下游径流减少主要为人类活动影响,21世纪10年代其贡献率为64.3%。对比20世纪60年代流域输沙量变化始终受人类活动主导,21世纪10年代人类活动对上、中、下游输沙量减少的贡献率分别为80.7%、59.2%和92.7%。上游人类活动对输沙量减少的贡献中,退耕还林等沟坡措施和沟道工程措施分别为39.0%、42.7%,中、下游人类活动贡献的估算结果反映出高植被覆盖区和农区汲水灌溉对区域水、沙的影响特征。     

基于网络文本的廊道型旅游地意象研究——以皖南“川藏线”为例

旅游地意象是旅游地理学的重要研究主题,旅游者具身化意象认知结果对旅游地行为忠诚、满意度及旅游资源开发至关重要。借助蕴含旅游者记忆与叙事信息的网络游记文本及图片位置数据,采用质性与GIS分析相结合的方法,建构廊道型旅游地意象。研究发现：1）廊道型旅游地意象由线性意象、色彩意象、地方意象、审美意象和情感意象五维类属建构而成。2）皖南“川藏线”旅游者在场体验过程中的情感评价积极情感占主导地位,消极情感占比相对较少,其中高度积极情感所占比例显著高于高度消极情感。3）旅游者皖南“川藏线”意象要素感知特征呈现动静结合、线性体验与感知兼具两个层级。其中,动静特征通过静态景观与动态体验共同展现,线性体验更多强调旅游者产生的刺激、惊险、震撼的驾驶乐趣及情感升华。4）皖南“川藏线”线性意象热点集中于桃岭公路及六道湾周边,色彩意象热点集中于储家滩和红杉林两地,审美意象热点集中于储家滩、青龙湖、红杉林沿线,地方意象热点集中于储家滩、桃岭公路和水墨汀溪一带。     

多种角度比较SIFT、SURF、BRISK、ORB、FREAK算法

SIFT、SURF、BRISK、ORB、FREAK等图像特征匹配算法具有不同的鲁棒性,本文利用Mikolajczyk和Schmid所提供的数据集,对这几种算法从匹配速度,应对图像旋转变换、模糊变换、光照变换、尺度变换、视角变换时表现出的鲁棒性等角度进行比较。本文采用的评价指标是两幅图像中成功匹配的特征点对数。经比较分析后发现,SURF和FREAK算法表现出的鲁棒性较为全面。     

IPS在无人机遥感影像处理中的应用

介绍了IPS在无人机遥感影像处理中的流程及软件的特点和优势,实例验证,该软件能够快速处理海量无人机遥感数据,为无人机遥感影像数据处理市场提供了一种实用的有效解决方案。     

地理国情监测在城市化发展中的应用研究——以汕头市为例

开展地理国情监测工作的目的是为了获取自然与人类社会经济活动引起的地表变化信息,为政府、企业和公众提供地理国情信息服务。城市化发展、变迁是地理国情监测的重要应用方面之一,本文以广东省汕头市为例,基于遥感技术（ RS）,利用多时相影像数据提取不同时期建成区变化信息,并有针对性地对比分析,直观反映了汕头市三十多年的城市化发展的特点和进展情况。     

地理国情普查影像解译自动化方案研究

随着空天地一体化对地观测传感网的逐步完善,积累了大量的空间遥感影像。地理国情普查项目进一步地推动了遥感技术的发展和遥感影像的使用,使遥感影像更好地服务于经济社会的发展和生态文明的建设。传统的依靠人工的地物信息提取方式不能满足需求,本文尝试影像解译自动化方案替代完全依靠人工采集的方式,提高遥感信息提取的效率。     

利用 Landsat 8影像制作解译样本点辅助高分影像分类可行性的研究

地理国情普查项目使用的高分影像质量的良莠不齐给地表覆盖数据生产带来了巨大障碍。本文剖析了目前收集到的高分影像资料的主要缺陷,如多分辨率、多传感器、多年份和跨季节,给地表覆盖数据解译带来极大的局限性;阐述了Landsat 8影像自身的特点,如像幅面积大、获取周期短、波段信息丰富,同时提出利用Landsat 8影像辅助解译的思路,并通过试验验证这种方法的可行性。     

地理国情普查外业调查技术要求

地理国情外业调查是地理国情普查工作十分重要的工作内容,是保证地理国情普查数据质量的关键环节。外业调查是对采集的地理国情要素和解译的地表覆盖分类成果以及内业无法定性的类型、边界和属性进行实地调查,同时采集遥感影像样本数据,为最终形成地理国情要素数据、地表覆盖分类数据成果和遥感影像解译样本数据库提供基础。